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The extraordinary growth enjoyed over the last several decades by many East Asian countries has amounted to nothing less than an economic miracle. Employing unorthodox policies, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, the Republic of Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, and Thailand have all produced dramatic results with far-reaching improvements in human welfare and income distribution, leading many to ask whether a similar achievement can be duplicated elsewhere. Written for the nonspecialist, this World Bank Policy Research Report--the first in an important new series--discusses in detail the means by which these high-performing Asian economies (HPAEs) realized their staggering success between 1965 and 1990. Examining how these countries stabilized their economies with sound development programs that led to fast growth, the book also shows how they shared the new prosperity by making income distribution more equitable. The book makes clear how the HPAEs promoted rapid capital accumulation by making banks more reliable and encouraging high levels of domestic savings, while universal primary schooling and better primary and secondary education quickly increased their skilled labor forces. Also included are illustrative examples of productive agricultural programs, modest tax policies, the modification of price distortions, foreign technology and investment, and the cooperation of government and private enterprise. Exposing to a broad audience the revolutionary process that transformed East Asia into the collection of economic juggernauts that it is today, this provocative World Bank report offers wisdom for today's up-and-coming markets, highlighting the policies that will make a difference as well as those that, despite their effectiveness in the Orient, could prove disastrous elsewhere.

Book by Kim, Joungwon Alexander

The violent protests in Lhasa in 2008 against Chinese rule were met by disbelief and anger on the part of Chinese citizens and state authorities, perplexed by Tibetans' apparent ingratitude for the generous provision of development. In Taming Tibet, Emily T. Yeh examines how Chinese development projects in Tibet served to consolidate state space and power. Drawing on sixteen months of ethnographic fieldwork between 2000 and 2009, Yeh traces how the transformation of the material landscape of Tibet between the 1950s and the first decade of the twenty-first century has often been enacted through the labor of Tibetans themselves. Focusing on Lhasa, Yeh shows how attempts to foster and improve Tibetan livelihoods through the expansion of markets and the subsidized building of new houses, the control over movement and space, and the education of Tibetan desires for development have worked together at different times and how they are experienced in everyday life.The master narrative of the PRC stresses generosity: the state and Han migrants selflessly provide development to the supposedly backward Tibetans, raising the living standards of the Han's "little brothers." Arguing that development is in this context a form of "indebtedness engineering," Yeh depicts development as a hegemonic project that simultaneously recruits Tibetans to participate in their own marginalization while entrapping them in gratitude to the Chinese state. The resulting transformations of the material landscape advance the project of state territorialization. Exploring the complexity of the Tibetan response to―and negotiations with―development, Taming Tibet focuses on three key aspects of China's modernization: agrarian change, Chinese migration, and urbanization. Yeh presents a wealth of ethnographic data and suggests fresh approaches that illuminate the Tibet Question.

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This anthology is intended to supplement courses in which Japanese aesthetics and culture are taught. The essays assume little background knowledge; they do represent seminal thought in literary, cultural, and aesthetic criticism, and are well known to scholars for their clarity and straightforward exposition, making them especially useful to the Westerner who does not speak Japanese.Some of the essays provide a general introduction to the basic theories of Japanese aesthetics, others deal with poetry and theater, and a third group discusses cultural phenomena directly related to classic Japanese literature. The text includes notes on historical periods and language, a glossary of the most significant literary and aesthetic vocabulary, and an extensive, annotated bibliography that guides the reader to primary materials, critical studies, general histories, anthologies, encyclopedias, and lists of films and audio-visual materials.

The author, Wu Shicun, discusses the South China Sea dispute from a Chinese perspective with regards to history, law, international politics, the economy, diplomacy and military affairs. Not only does he detail China's official position on the sovereignty and maritime disputes in the South China Sea, but he also provides analyses of the related factors influencing the origin and development of these disputes. He further assesses the complexity, internationalization and long-term struggle over the South China Sea and China's efforts in dispute resolution. This book aims to create a better understanding of the Chinese perspective on the complexity of the South China Sea disputes, including competition over the sovereignty of the Spratly islets, islands regime and its impact on maritime delimitation, overlapping maritime claims, and how the adjacent states can cooperate for resource development in the South China Sea.

Ha-Joon Chang provides an overview of  the East Asian development model from the 1960s to the present day. He examines its relative success particularly in relation to industrial policy, in contrast to Africa. He takes a fresh look at the crisis that exploded in 1997, criticizing many mainstream explanations and looking in particular at the economy of South Korea.Looking to the future, he makes proposals for industrial policy and how local corporations in a country like Korea should be reformed.

The majority of the population of South-east Asia depends on the land for its living. Land is held in a multitude of different ways--through tribal custom, as individual owner-occupier units, through plantations. In many parts of the region landlessness is a major social and political issue. Using a wide range of case studies, this book examines the different landholding systems of the region and argues that a combination of traditional and reformed tenure systems offers the best prospects for improving the welfare of the rural population.

Southeast Asian nations have devised a range of development programs that strive to incorporate minority ethnic groups into the nation-state. The authors of Civilizing the Margins discuss the programs, policies, and laws that affect ethnic minorities in eight countries: Burma, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Viet Nam. Once targeted for intervention, people such as the Orang Asli of Malaysia and the "hill tribes" of Thailand often become the subject of programs aimed at radically changing their lifestyles, which the government views as backward or primitive. Several chapters highlight the tragic consequences of forced resettlement, a common result of these programs. Others question the motives behind pushing minorities into "development" schemes. Rather than simply describing the effects of the programs and the experiences of participants, the contributors to this book attempt to understand the ideologies and strategies that led to the implementation of these programs.

Provides an overview of some of the great texts of Asian philosophy and religion along with an exploration of the contexts in which they arose.In an increasingly global society, non-Western thought can no longer be an afterthought for educators and their students. Asian Texts ― Asian Contexts helps bring Asian philosophy and religion into wider classroom consideration by giving nonspecialists entrée to primary texts from India, China, and Japan and pedagogical strategies for presenting this material to Western students.The texts section includes material on Buddhism, Daoism, the Bhagavad-Gita, and the Kyoto school of Japanese philosophy. In the contexts section, nonspecialists are presented with ways to think about the integration of Asian material that includes considerations of religion, philosophy, history, and art. These useful and accessible essays are written with the nonspecialist in mind, but provide a creative edge that will be of interest to specialists as well.

This book focuses on state policy and its consequences for economic development and social transformation in East Asia, and demonstrates the importance of state action in underpinning economic growth. The editors argue that an adequate explanation of the `Asian miracle′ must take into account the central role played by the state economic and social policy - a requirement that is largely ignored by prevailing `free market′ and `culturalist′ accounts.

Ha-Joon Chang provides an overview of  the East Asian development model from the 1960s to the present day. He examines its relative success particularly in relation to industrial policy, in contrast to Africa. He takes a fresh look at the crisis that exploded in 1997, criticizing many mainstream explanations and looking in particular at the economy of South Korea.Looking to the future, he makes proposals for industrial policy and how local corporations in a country like Korea should be reformed.

In the early 1960s, fewer than five percent of Japanese owned automobiles, China's per capita income was among the lowest in Asia, and living standards in South Korea's rural areas were on par with some of the world's poorest countries. Today, these are three of the most powerful economies on earth. Dwight Perkins grapples with both the contemporary and historical causes and consequences of the turnaround, drawing on firsthand experience in the region to explain how Asian countries sustained such rapid economic growth in the second half of the twentieth century.East Asian Development offers a comprehensive view of the region, from Japan and the "Asian Tigers" (Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, South Korea) to Indonesia, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, and China--a behemoth larger than all the other economies combined. While the overall picture of Asian growth is positive, no single economic policy has been effective regionwide. Interventionist policies that worked well in some countries failed elsewhere. Perkins analyzes income distribution, to uncover why initially egalitarian societies have ended up in very different places, with Japan, for example, maintaining a modest gap between rich and poor while China has become one of Asia's most unequal economies.Today, the once-dynamic Japanese and Korean economies are sluggish, and even China shows signs of losing steam. Perkins investigates whether this is a regional phenomenon or typical of all economies at this stage of development. His inquiry reminds us that the uncharted waters of China's vast economy make predictions of its future performance speculative at best.

Provides an overview of some of the great texts of Asian philosophy and religion along with an exploration of the contexts in which they arose.In an increasingly global society, non-Western thought can no longer be an afterthought for educators and their students. Asian Texts ― Asian Contexts helps bring Asian philosophy and religion into wider classroom consideration by giving nonspecialists entrée to primary texts from India, China, and Japan and pedagogical strategies for presenting this material to Western students.The texts section includes material on Buddhism, Daoism, the Bhagavad-Gita, and the Kyoto school of Japanese philosophy. In the contexts section, nonspecialists are presented with ways to think about the integration of Asian material that includes considerations of religion, philosophy, history, and art. These useful and accessible essays are written with the nonspecialist in mind, but provide a creative edge that will be of interest to specialists as well.

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In the early 1960s, fewer than five percent of Japanese owned automobiles, China's per capita income was among the lowest in Asia, and living standards in South Korea's rural areas were on par with some of the world's poorest countries. Today, these are three of the most powerful economies on earth. Dwight Perkins grapples with both the contemporary and historical causes and consequences of the turnaround, drawing on firsthand experience in the region to explain how Asian countries sustained such rapid economic growth in the second half of the twentieth century.East Asian Development offers a comprehensive view of the region, from Japan and the "Asian Tigers" (Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, South Korea) to Indonesia, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, and China--a behemoth larger than all the other economies combined. While the overall picture of Asian growth is positive, no single economic policy has been effective regionwide. Interventionist policies that worked well in some countries failed elsewhere. Perkins analyzes income distribution, to uncover why initially egalitarian societies have ended up in very different places, with Japan, for example, maintaining a modest gap between rich and poor while China has become one of Asia's most unequal economies.Today, the once-dynamic Japanese and Korean economies are sluggish, and even China shows signs of losing steam. Perkins investigates whether this is a regional phenomenon or typical of all economies at this stage of development. His inquiry reminds us that the uncharted waters of China's vast economy make predictions of its future performance speculative at best.

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In May 1990, forty countries, together with the European Economic Community and the European Investment Bank, signed the Agreement establishing the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. This book analyses the Agreement, concentrating on the three main areas relevant to the activities of the EBRD: its financing, its operations, and its organisation and management. The EBRD will be a unique institution, charged with facilitating Eastern Europe's transition to a market economy.

This is the eighteenth annual edition of the World Development Report. It is a reference work for international economic data. This edition contains a special section on labour policy and market-based strategies as a means of raising the living standards of workers.