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Carbonate rocks (limestones and dolomites) constitute a major part of the geological column and contain not only 60% of the world's known hydrocarbons but also host extensive mineral deposits. This book represents the first major review of carbonate sedimentology since the mid 1970's. It is aimed at the advanced undergraduate - postgraduate level and will also be of major interest to geologists working in the oil industry. Carbonate Sedimentology is designed to take the reader from the basic aspects of limestone recognition and classification through to an appreciation of the most recent developments such as large scale facies modelling and isotope geochemistry. Novel aspects of the book include a detailed review of carbonate mineralogy, non-marine carbonate depositional environments and an in-depth look at carbonate deposition and diagenesis through geologic time. In addition, the reviews of individual depositional systems stress a process-based approach rather than one centered on simple comparative sedimentology. The unique quality of this book is that it contains integrated reviews of carbonate sedimentology and diagenesis, within one volume.

Backyard Expressions' Calcium Carbonate Resin Free Standing Umbrella Base. The Backyard Expressions Umbrella Base features a sturdy 17 in. Dia Base and weighs 21 lbs. This item comes with adaptors to support 3 different umbrella sizes and provide a secure fit every time. Add one to your outdoor patio or backyard area and you will no longer have to worry about a shaky umbrella. Enjoy the appeal that the interlocking ring design and antiqued bronze finish will bring to your outdoor home decor. Material: Metal.

12 ft x 12 ft Permanent Gazebo this patio gazebo provides 144 square feet is enough to accommodate 6-8 people for various outdoor activities.Constructed with an aluminum frame for enjoying the covered outdoors in all seasons, this gazebo has a sturdy rust-resistant powder-coated steel roof that will stand the test of time. The classic gable roof design provides just the right amount of air circulation while keeping out the occasional inclement weather. This permanent gazebo become a perfect choice for outdoor barbecue,party or daily relaxation with your family and friends. Color: Brown.

10 ft x 12 ft Permanent Gazebo this patio gazebo provides 120 square feet is enough to accommodate 4-6 people for various outdoor activities.Constructed with an aluminum frame for enjoying the covered outdoors in all seasons, this gazebo has a sturdy rust-resistant powder-coated steel roof that will stand the test of time. The classic gable roof design provides just the right amount of air circulation while keeping out the occasional inclement weather. This permanent gazebo become a perfect choice for outdoor barbecue,party or daily relaxation with your family and friends. Color: Brown.

12 ft x 12 ft Permanent Gazebo this patio gazebo provides 144 square feet is enough to accommodate 6-8 people for various outdoor activities.Constructed with an aluminum frame for enjoying the covered outdoors in all seasons, this gazebo has a sturdy rust-resistant powder-coated steel roof that will stand the test of time. The classic gable roof design provides just the right amount of air circulation while keeping out the occasional inclement weather. This permanent gazebo become a perfect choice for outdoor barbecue,party or daily relaxation with your family and friends. Color: Brown.

10 ft x 12 ft Permanent Gazebo this patio gazebo provides 120 square feet is enough to accommodate 4-6 people for various outdoor activities.Constructed with an aluminum frame for enjoying the covered outdoors in all seasons, this gazebo has a sturdy rust-resistant powder-coated steel roof that will stand the test of time. The classic gable roof design provides just the right amount of air circulation while keeping out the occasional inclement weather. This permanent gazebo become a perfect choice for outdoor barbecue,party or daily relaxation with your family and friends. Color: Brown.

The Paragon Outdoor Premium 11ft. x 13 ft. Hard Top Gazebo adds 130 square feet of shade and elegance to your outdoor space. The corrosion-free aluminum frame is powder-coated in a black finish for a long-lasting structure that won't fade or peel. When sitting under the hard top gazebo, enjoy the perfect balance of light and shade provided by the unique louvred roof. Featuring a UV resistant twin layer 6mm polycarbonate louvered roof, this structure is ideal for those who want a little sun. The polycarbonate roof style blocks up to 65% of sunlight, allowing limited sunlight to filter through. And with a wind escapement at the peak of roof, enjoy extra air flow for a comfortable place to sit. Instruction manual, hardware bolts and garden stakes are included to safely secure into any ground. Two people are recommended for installation, with up to 3 hours of assembly time.

APEC Water Systems Essence standard capacity pre-filter set for ROES-PH75 is made with high quality filtration components to protect and prolong the lifespan of your reverse osmosis system. Premium quality filter set lasts over 6 to 12 months for high performance contaminant removal. These standard size filters are 10 in. and compatible with most standard size under counter RO systems. 1st Stage: 5 micron Polypropylene filters to remove dust, particles, and rust. Prevent sediment from building up and clogging the filters and the system. 2nd and 3rd Stage: 10 micron extruded carbon block filter to remove chlorine, taste and odor at a fast flow rate. Improve water taste, protect the life of the RO membrane and enjoy chlorine free water. 6th Stage: 10 in. High Purity pH+ Calcium Carbonate Re-mineralization Inline filters with 1/4 in. Quick Connect. Compatible for APEC Water Systems Essence Series reverse osmosis systems and most other under counter reverse osmosis systems that uses industry standard size replacement filters.

Volume 11 of Reviews in Mineralogy attempts to synthesize our present understanding of certain aspects of the mineralogy and chemistry of the rock-forming carbonates. This review follows, by ten years, a major assessment of (sedimentary) carbonate minerals by Lippmann (1973). There is only minor overlap of subject material, and I hope that this difference reflects fairly how this field has developed.In this volume, some of the papers are general (i.e., those addressing crystal chemistry and phase relations), and they provide overviews of a fundamental nature and are of interest to many. Others are more specialized in coverage and generally reflect the different approaches used in carbonate geochemistry. The final chapter introduces transmission electron microscopy, a relatively new and powerful technique for mineralogical research that has great potential in carbonate research.

F. Jerry Lucia, working in America’s main oil-rich state, has produced a work that goes after one of the holy grails of oil prospecting. One main target in petroleum recovery is the description of the three-dimensional distribution of petrophysical properties on the interwell scale in carbonate reservoirs. Doing so would improve performance predictions by means of fluid-flow computer simulations. Lucia’s book focuses on the improvement of geological, petrophysical, and geostatistical methods, describes the basic petrophysical properties, important geology parameters, and rock fabrics from cores, and discusses their spatial distribution. A closing chapter deals with reservoir models as an input into flow simulators.

Since 1950 geologists have learned more about the origin and lithification of carbonate sediments than in all the previous years of the history of science. This is true in all the diverse fields of carbonate geology: the study of Recent environments, marine zoology and botany, organic geochemistry, trace element and isotope geochemistry, mineralogy, microfacies of depositional environments, and trace-fossil and sedimentary structure investigation. A synthesis of this new knowledge is just beginning to be formulated. The purpose of this volume is to introduce the advanced student and petroleum explorationist principally to one important aspect of this study: to some of the principles of carbonate geology which may serve to interpret the depositional environments of ancient strata and to better define their sequences and patterns. Chapter I is a brief review of principles of carbonate sedimentation. (For a full discussion of the mineralogy, geochemistry, and diagenesis of carbonates along with a review of Holocene sediments, one may refer to Bathurst's (1971) and Milliman's (1974) texts.) Chapter II reviews stratigraphic and paleotectonic concepts and discusses a general model for carbonate deposition. Chapter III offers an outline of carbonate petrography, concentrating on lithologic descrip­ tion for the purposes of environmental interpretation. For a further review of this subject and excellent photomicrographs, Horowitz and Potter (1971) and Majewske (1969) may be used.

F. Jerry Lucia, working in America’s main oil-rich state, has produced a work that goes after one of the holy grails of oil prospecting. One main target in petroleum recovery is the description of the three-dimensional distribution of petrophysical properties on the interwell scale in carbonate reservoirs. Doing so would improve performance predictions by means of fluid-flow computer simulations. Lucia’s book focuses on the improvement of geological, petrophysical, and geostatistical methods, describes the basic petrophysical properties, important geology parameters, and rock fabrics from cores, and discusses their spatial distribution. A closing chapter deals with reservoir models as an input into flow simulators.

Volume 11 of Reviews in Mineralogy attempts to synthesize our present understanding of certain aspects of the mineralogy and chemistry of the rock-forming carbonates. This review follows, by ten years, a major assessment of (sedimentary) carbonate minerals by Lippmann (1973). There is only minor overlap of subject material, and I hope that this difference reflects fairly how this field has developed.In this volume, some of the papers are general (i.e., those addressing crystal chemistry and phase relations), and they provide overviews of a fundamental nature and are of interest to many. Others are more specialized in coverage and generally reflect the different approaches used in carbonate geochemistry. The final chapter introduces transmission electron microscopy, a relatively new and powerful technique for mineralogical research that has great potential in carbonate research.

Although carbonates make up only 20% of the sedimentary rock record, they account for more than 50% of the world's proven oil reserves. Carbonates differ from siliclastics in generation, geomorphology, and diagenesis, all of which modify the mineralogy, porosity, and permeability so important to reservoir quality and 3-D seismic response. The first eight chapters establish the geologic framework and consist of state-of-the-art review papers written by recognized experts in carbonate generation, rock properties, sequence stratigraphy, seismic stratigraphy, and structural deformation. The last 10 chapters illustrate the seismic expression of carbonate terranes through carefully chosen case studies drawn from the United States, Venezuela, Norway, China, Saudi Arabia, Italy, and the Bahamas, augmented by two careful studies of seismic signal-to-noise problems specific to carbonates. A recurring theme in each of these case studies is the importance of integrating seismic and petrophysical control with geologic models to better predict carbonate facies quality and distribution. This book is destined to become a well-worn reference volume that sits easily within reach of every geologist, geophysicist, and engineer involved in the exploration or exploitation of carbonate reservoirs.Also Available: Pitfalls in Seismic Interpretation - ISBN 0931830117 Seismic Data Analysis (2 Volumes) - ISBN 1560800941

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This volume expands and improves the AAPG 1978 classic, A Color Illustrated Guide to Carbonate Rock Constituents, Textures, Cements, and Porosities (AAPG Memoir 27). Carbonate petrography can be quite complicated. Changing assemblages of organisms through time, coupled with the randomness of thin-section cuts through complex shell forms, add to the difficulty of identifying skeletal grains. Furthermore, because many primary carbonate grains are composed of unstable minerals (especially aragonite and high-Mg calcite), diagenetic alteration commonly is quite extensive in carbonate rocks. The variability of inorganic and biogenic carbonate mineralogy through time, however, complicates prediction of patterns of diagenetic alteration.This book is designed to help deal with such challenges. It includes a wide variety of examples of commonly encountered skeletal and nonskeletal grains, cements, fabrics, and porosity types. It includes extensive new tables of age distributions, mineralogy, morphologic characteristics, environmental implications and keys to grain identification. It also encompasses a number of noncarbonate grains, that occur as accessory minerals in carbonate rocks or that may provide important biostratigraphic or paleoenvironmental information in carbonate strata. With this guide, students and other workers with little formal petrographic training should be able to examine thin sections or acetate peels under the microscope and interpret the main rock constituents and their depositional and diagenetic history.

This unparelleled reference synthesizes the methods used in microfacies analysis and details the potential of microfacies in evaluating depositional environments and diagenetic history, and, in particular, the application of microfacies data in the study of carbonate hydrocarbon reservoirs and the provenance of archaeological materials. Nearly 230 instructive plates (30 in color) showing thin-section photographs with detailed explanations form a central part of the content. Helpful teaching-learning aids include detailed captions for hundreds of microphotographs, boxed summaries of technical terms, many case studies, guidelines for the determination and evaluation of microfacies criteria, self-testing exercises for recognition and characterization skills, and more 

This textbook provides an overview of the origin and preservation of carbonate sedimentary rocks. The focus is on limestones and dolostones and the sediments from which they are derived. The approach is general and universal and draws heavily on fundamental discoveries, arresting interpretations, and keystone syntheses that have been developed over the last five decades. The book is designed as a teaching tool for upper level undergraduate classes, a fundamental reference for graduate and research students, and a scholarly source of information for practicing professionals whose expertise lies outside this specialty. The approach is rigorous, with every chapter being designed as a separate lecture on a specific topic that is encased within a larger scheme.  The text is profusely illustrated with all colour diagrams and images of rocks, subsurface cores, thin sections, modern sediments, and underwater seascapes.Additional resources for this book can be found at: www.wiley.com/go/james/carbonaterocks

The study of carbonate sediments and sedimentary rocks has developed rapidly in recent years. This book provides an introduction to the subject at undergraduate level, adopting a broad approach which takes the reader from basic principles up to the research studies stage.