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Commerce & Marx Landmines - LP 823819134311

John D'Arms explores here a question of central importance for the social economic history of the Roman world: which sectors of society were actively engaged in trade? In the late Roman Republic and early Empire senators were prohibited by law from direct participation in seaborne commerce; trade was not considered a respectable pursuit. Yet large fortunes were amassed by men of rank through a variety of lucrative enterprises. Exploiting the evidence of literature, archaeology, and inscription, D'Arms constructs case histories which reveal how senators realized commercial profits by indirect involvement: freedmen, municipal notables, and "friends" often served as the equivalent of partners or agents of aristocrats with large holdings in land. In demonstrating a flexibility in upper-class attitudes toward commercial activity, he offers a study in the adaptation of a social system to economic realities.

The roots of modern commerce and the origins of economics are usually traced to Adam Smith and his alleged celebration of free trade. Questioning this conventional story, Anoush Fraser Terjanian uncovers ambivalence towards commerce in eighteenth-century France. Through careful analysis of the Enlightenment's best-selling history of comparative empires, the History of the Two Indies (1780), her study offers a new perspective on the connections between political economy, imperialism, and the Enlightenment.

In the span of just a few short years, the rapid advance of modern technology has changed the face of business and commerce forever. Computers and automated systems have given rise to new forms of trade never dreamed of in days gone by. But these new business methods have also brought a host of Shabbos-related halachic questions not clearly addressed by Poskim of the previous generation. - Is one permitted to list an item on ebay if the auction is scheduled to conclude on Shabbos?- May one allow his e-commerce website to remain open on Shabbos?- What should be done if one cannot possibly close his business on Shabbos, such as a nursing home or a store in a mall?- Must one close his business in a different time zone once it is Shabbos in his location?These issues, as well as hundreds of others, are discussed in a relevant, clear and concise way with all final rulings based on the original rulings of Rav Shlomo Miller. With its clear, down-to-earth style, as well as its extensive source material in the footnotes, this important work provides informative answers for both the inquiring businessman as well as the accomplished scholar.

Excerpt from the introduction: "In the late nineteenth century, the French Jeune École, or "new school," of naval thinking promoted a commerce-raiding strategy for the weaker naval power to defeat the dominant naval power. France provided the vocabulary for the discussion-Jeune École and guerre de course (war of the chase)-and embodied the geopolitical predicament addressed: France had been a dominant land power, known for its large and proficient army and resentful of British imperial dominance and commercial preeminence. But its navy had rarely matched the Royal Navy in either quantity or quality, and its economy could not support both a preeminent army and navy. So its naval thinkers thought of an economical way out of its predicament. They argued that a guerre de course allowed weaker maritime power, such as France, to impose disproportionate costs on the stronger sea power in order to achieve its objectives. Sadly for France, the strategy did not work as anticipated, and British naval dominance and imperial primacy endured. The case studies in this book reveal why this was so, and they shed light on the dynamic of rivalries between maritime and continental powers. This issue is an important one in that from the heyday of the British Empire to the present, maritime powers have set the global order, and continental powers have contested it. So the dynamic is still with us, and it is of vital national import to all countries that benefit from the present international order of freedom of navigation, free trade, and the rule of international law".

Excerpt from The Commerce Clause of the Federal ConstitutionI have freely, even severely, criticized views expressed by those doubtless far more likely than myself to reach correct conclusions in these matters. But I trust that, even if my conclusions be erroneous, a statement thereof may assist toward ascertainment of the truth. If in any instance mv criticism has transgressed the bounds of propriety, I here take occasion to make my amende honorable.Not as adventitious therefore will the wise man regard the faith which is in him. The highest truth he sees he will fearlessly utter; knowing that, let what may come of it, he is thus playing his right part in the world knowing that if he can effect the change he aims at well: if not well also, though not so well.About the PublisherForgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.comThis book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Cet ouvrage traite du rôle du commerce dans la croissance en prenant appui sur le cas de la France du XVIIIe siècle. La première partie traite du commerce intérieur. Le chapitre I montre que les échanges se plaçaient au centre de l'économie française. Le chapitre II explore les mécanismes de la mobilisation des réserves de travail rural qui était la clef de la prospérité de la France. Le chapitre III étudie le rôle des intermédiaires commerciaux en France et propose un modèle de croissance s'appuyant sur l'extension de leurs activités. La deuxième partie traite du commerce extérieur. Le chapitre IV souligne le dynamisme du commerce extérieur français. Le chapitre V montre que le commerce au long cours fournissait des profits élevés à ses acteurs. Le chapitre IV examine dans quelle mesure le commerce au long cours a pu encourager la croissance de l'ensemble de l'économie française en modifiant le modèle de la première partie.

Latin epics such as Virgil’s Aeneid, Lucan’s Civil War, and Statius’s Thebaid addressed Roman aristocrats whose dealings in gifts, favors, and payments defined their conceptions of social order. In The Commerce of War, Neil Coffee argues that these exchanges play a central yet overlooked role in epic depictions of Roman society.            Tracing the collapse of an aristocratic worldview across all three poems, Coffee highlights the distinction they draw between reciprocal gift giving among elites and the more problematic behaviors of buying and selling. In the Aeneid, customary gift and favor exchanges are undermined by characters who view human interaction as short-term and commodity-driven. The Civil War takes the next logical step, illuminating how Romans cope once commercial greed has supplanted traditional values. Concluding with the Thebaid, which focuses on the problems of excessive consumption rather than exchange, Coffee closes his powerful case that these poems constitute far-reaching critiques of Roman society during its transition from republic to empire.

French philosopher Abbé de Condillac produced perhaps the most original contributions to eighteenth-century economics. His conclusions as to the desirability of removing barriers to free trade and of competitive market economies mirrored Smith’s, published three months later. Commerce and Government has been called “one of the most sustained defenses of economic liberty in the eighteenth century.” In Condillac’s own words, to eliminate the abuses and injustices of government it is necessary “to give trade full, complete, and permanent freedom.” Shelagh and Walter Eltis, editors of the volume, write, “English language readers who come upon Commerce and Government for the first time will find...that the case for competitive market economics has rarely been presented more powerfully and that there is continuing relevance in Condillac’s account of the difficulties that those who seek to liberalize economies still encounter.” Shelagh M. Eltis is a historian and graduate of Somerville College, Oxford, U.K. Walter Eltis is an Emeritus Fellow of Exeter College, Oxford, and Visiting Professor of Economics at the University of Reading, U.K.

Commerce by a Frozen Sea is a cross-cultural study of a century of contact between North American native peoples and Europeans. During the eighteenth century, the natives of the Hudson Bay lowlands and their European trading partners were brought together by an increasingly popular trade in furs, destined for the hat and fur markets of Europe. Native Americans were the sole trappers of furs, which they traded to English and French merchants. The trade gave Native Americans access to new European technologies that were integrated into Indian lifeways. What emerges from this detailed exploration is a story of two equal partners involved in a mutually beneficial trade.Drawing on more than seventy years of trade records from the archives of the Hudson's Bay Company, economic historians Ann M. Carlos and Frank D. Lewis critique and confront many of the myths commonly held about the nature and impact of commercial trade. Extensively documented are the ways in which natives transformed the trading environment and determined the range of goods offered to them. Natives were effective bargainers who demanded practical items such as firearms, kettles, and blankets as well as luxuries like cloth, jewelry, and tobacco—goods similar to those purchased by Europeans. Surprisingly little alcohol was traded. Indeed, Commerce by a Frozen Sea shows that natives were industrious people who achieved a standard of living above that of most workers in Europe. Although they later fell behind, the eighteenth century was, for Native Americans, a golden age.

Starting with the discovery of rubber in Brazil and its early industrial uses in France, Britain and America, this comprehensive history uses newly-culled, original sources to recount the rubber trade's worldwide growth and development.

In Commerce before Capitalism in Europe, 1300-1600, Martha C. Howell challenges dominant interpretations of the relationship between the so-called commercial revolution of late medieval Europe and the capitalist age that followed. Howell argues that the merchants, shopkeepers, artisans, and consumers in cities and courts throughout Western Europe, even in the densely urbanized Low Countries that are the main focus of this study, were by no means proto-capitalist and did not consider their property a fungible asset. Even though they freely bought and sold property using sophisticated financial techniques, they preserved its capacity to secure social bonds by intensifying market regulations and by assigning new meaning to marriage, gift-giving, and consumption. Later generations have sometimes found such actions perplexing, often dismissing them as evidence that business people of the late medieval and early modern worlds did not fully understand market rules. Howell, by contrast, shows that such practices were governed by a logic specific to their age and that, however primitive they may appear to subsequent generations, these practices made Europe's economic future possible.

In Commerce before Capitalism in Europe, 1300-1600, Martha C. Howell challenges dominant interpretations of the relationship between the so-called commercial revolution of late medieval Europe and the capitalist age that followed. Howell argues that the merchants, shopkeepers, artisans, and consumers in cities and courts throughout Western Europe, even in the densely urbanized Low Countries that are the main focus of this study, were by no means proto-capitalist and did not consider their property a fungible asset. Even though they freely bought and sold property using sophisticated financial techniques, they preserved its capacity to secure social bonds by intensifying market regulations and by assigning new meaning to marriage, gift-giving, and consumption. Later generations have sometimes found such actions perplexing, often dismissing them as evidence that business people of the late medieval and early modern worlds did not fully understand market rules. Howell, by contrast, shows that such practices were governed by a logic specific to their age and that, however primitive they may appear to subsequent generations, these practices made Europe's economic future possible.