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To date, books on object-oriented programming have focused either on the methodology of the object-oriented paradigm or on teaching the details of a particular programming language. This collection takes a different approach, examining one object-oriented programming language - the Common-Lisp Object System (CLOS) - as a modern programming tool. The fourteen contributions examine CLOS from a variety of angles, revealing the thoughts behind the design of the language, its intended use, its impact on object-oriented design and programming, and its place in the context of other object-oriented programming languages. Chapter 1 provides enough detail about the language for the remaining material to be understood by readers unfamiliar with CLOS, and it concentrates on the unusual aspects of the language. CLOS is placed into historical perspective in Chapter 2, which describes the sources and evolution of ideas embodied in the language. Further chapters discuss the metaobject protocol, compare CLOS with other object-oriented languages, and discuss applications of the language and aspects of its implementation.

Originally published in 1934 and written by the Curator of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities in Stockholm, this is an informative and highly entertaining account of the author's several expeditions to Northern China. Andersson began his Chinese explorations as a mining consultant, switched to paleontology as a wealth of fossils surfaced with the mining ore, and finally turned his attention to archaeology. It was on one of his expeditions that the now-famous "Peking Man" was discovered. Accounts of further discoveries of prehistoric villages, graves, pottery, and temples are interspersed with descriptions of China's geology and topography and amusing accounts of his adventures with the not-always-hospitable natives. For the reader of today, Andersson's book offers not only an insight into prehistory but a fascinating glimpse of the China of forty years ago.

Print on Demand. This book delves into the significance of folklore and fairy tales, illuminating their profound impact on the development of the human mind and the shaping of cultural narratives. It explores the rich tapestry of myths and legends across various epochs and societies, examining how these stories have influenced our collective imagination and continue to resonate with us today. The author delves into the psychological and anthropological underpinnings of folklore, uncovering the universal human experiences and emotions that these tales embody. This book is an engrossing journey through the realm of the fantastic, providing fresh perspectives on the power and enduring legacy of fairy tales and folklore in our lives. This book is a reproduction of an important historical work, digitally reconstructed using state-of-the-art technology to preserve the original format. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in the book.

The definitive biography of the man who established architecture as a profession in the United States.

This Report of the Study of Critical Environmental Problems (SCEP) presents the results of a one-month interdisciplinary examination of the global climatic and ecological effects of man's activities.This Report of the Study of Critical Environmental Problems (SCEP) presents the results of a one-month, interdisciplinary examination of the global climatic and ecological effects of man's activities. The disciplines represented by the fifty full-time participants include meteorology, oceanography, ecology, engineering, economics, social sciences, and law. The Study, which was sponsored by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, was conducted during the month of July 1970 at Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts.The focus was on those environmental problems whose cumulative effects on ecological systems are so large and prevalent that they have worldwide significance. Thus the Study was primarily concerned with the effects of pollution on man through changes in climate, ocean ecology, and large terrestrial ecosystems.Some of the following subjects were investigated by the Work Groups:Climatic Effects:Increasing carbon dioxide content of the atmosphereParticle load of the atmosphereContamination of the troposphere and stratosphere by subsonic and supersonic aircraftEcological Effects:DDT and other pesticidesMercury and other toxic heavy metalsOil in the oceansNutrients in estuariesOn these topics several general questions were addressed, such as, What can we say? Where are the gaps in our knowledge? What action programs are needed?

An extraordinary opportunity offered by the Du Pont Company gave Professor Hollander free access both to all detailed cost and much investment data related to rayon manufacture at a number of plants, covering a period of thirty years and to a wide range of informed personnel and officers. These data enabled Professor Hollander to make an unprecedented study of a large industrial firm for the purpose of measuring the contribution of various sources of improvement to increased efficiency. From the mass of information available, he has selected sound technical details and concepts, excluded all irrelevant material, and presented a carefully organized case study showing how technical change accounts for a very high proportion of the increases in productivity. Specifically, this information includes descriptions of the contributions of various types of technical change to production cost reductions, quantitative estimates of the contributions of technical change and economies of scale to increased efficiency, and analyses of the relation between technical change and investment and of the sources of new technology.The microeconomic approach is related to certain macrostudies of productivity increase, and several policy implications are drawn.This study should be of great interest to a wide audience including economists, economic historians, and technologists. All those concerned with the problems of economic growth, industrial structure, patent protection, technical invention, research and development, and the general progress of civilian industrial technology will find this book a valuable addition to their libraries.

For many years statistics has been regarded as the essential mathematical preparation for biologists. Recently, however, it has become necessary to broaden this background to include advanced techniques such as linear differential equations. The difficulty with this has been that most courses in differential equations are designed for engineering students. This book is designed for biologists. It was developed in a graduate course at the University of Rochester School of Medicine but the approach is such that it will be useful at either the undergraduates or the graduate level. The only prerequisite is elementary calculus, and the assumption is that the student has probably forgotten much of what he learned in that course. The book begins with a review of the concepts of elementary calculus and shows how physiological problems can be formulated in terms of differential equations. It then proceeds quickly but in an entirely self-contained way to develop three techniques for the solution of differential equations: solution by Laplace transform, solution by inspection of the physical problem, and numerical solutions. These are applied to the types of problems most often encountered in physiology: compartmental problems, regulations, diffusion, flow measurements, and curve fitting. The terminology used in the problems and examples will be familiar to biologists. In each chapter the problems range from routine to fairly difficult. The first edition of this book was published in hardcover in 1972 with the title Mathematical Techniques for Physiology and Medicine. This revised contains a new chapter, on tracer experiments, and two additional appendixes. Many new problems (and their solutions) have also been added.

A summary of the findings of a 1972 workshop convened to study problems of coastal ecosystems.This volume summarizes the conclusions and recommendations of The Workshop on Critical Problems of the Coastal Zone, held 22 May - 3 June, 1972, in Woods Hole, Massachusetts. The workshop was cosponsored by The Institute of Ecology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, and brought together specialists from a wide variety of disciplines, including biology, chemistry, ecology, law, economics, engineering, oceanography, and sociology.

An introduction to philosophy of language through systematic and accessible explanations of ten classic texts by such thinkers as Frege, Kripke, Russell, and Putnam.Many beginning students in philosophy of language find themselves grappling with dense and difficult texts not easily understood by someone new to the field. This book offers an introduction to philosophy of language by explaining ten classic, often anthologized, texts. Accessible and thorough, written with a unique combination of informality and careful formulation, the book addresses sense and reference, proper names, definite descriptions, indexicals, the definition of truth, truth and meaning, and the nature of speaker meaning, as addressed by Frege, Kripke, Russell, Donnellan, Kaplan, Evans, Putnam, Tarski, Davidson, and Grice. The explanations aim to be as simple as possible without sacrificing accuracy; critical assessments are included with the exposition in order to stimulate further thought and discussion. Philosophy of Language will be an essential resource for undergraduates in a typical philosophy of language course or for graduate students with no background in the field. It can be used in conjunction with an anthology of classic texts, sparing the instructor much arduous exegesis.ContentsFrege on Sense and Reference · Kripke on Names · Russell on Definite Descriptions · Donnellan's Distinction · Kaplan on Demonstratives · Evans on Understanding Demonstratives · Putnam on Semantic Externalism · Tarski's Theory of Truth · Davidson's Semantics for Natural Language · Grice's Theory of Speaker Meaning

Excerpt from Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik: Mit Ausschluss der KristalloptikDa die Kristallphysik mit gerichteten Größen sehr verschiedener Ordnungen operiert, und fiir diese eine allgemeiner anerkannte Symbolik nicht existiert, so würden die Symbole der Vektoranalysis fremdartig und isoliert aufgetreten sein; ich habe dieselben daher nicht benutzt.About the PublisherForgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.comThis book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

An introduction to philosophy of language through systematic and accessible explanations of ten classic texts by such thinkers as Frege, Kripke, Russell, and Putnam.Many beginning students in philosophy of language find themselves grappling with dense and difficult texts not easily understood by someone new to the field. This book offers an introduction to philosophy of language by explaining ten classic, often anthologized, texts. Accessible and thorough, written with a unique combination of informality and careful formulation, the book addresses sense and reference, proper names, definite descriptions, indexicals, the definition of truth, truth and meaning, and the nature of speaker meaning, as addressed by Frege, Kripke, Russell, Donnellan, Kaplan, Evans, Putnam, Tarski, Davidson, and Grice. The explanations aim to be as simple as possible without sacrificing accuracy; critical assessments are included with the exposition in order to stimulate further thought and discussion.Philosophy of Language will be an essential resource for undergraduates in a typical philosophy of language course or for graduate students with no background in the field. It can be used in conjunction with an anthology of classic texts, sparing the instructor much arduous exegesis.ContentsFrege on Sense and Reference · Kripke on Names · Russell on Definite Descriptions · Donnellan's Distinction · Kaplan on Demonstratives · Evans on Understanding Demonstratives · Putnam on Semantic Externalism · Tarski's Theory of Truth · Davidson's Semantics for Natural Language · Grice's Theory of Speaker Meaning

The authors, two of the most prominent game theorists of this generation, have devoted a number of years to the development of the theory presented here, and to its economic applications. They propose rational criteria for selecting one particular uniformly perfect equilibrium point as the solution of any noncooperative game. And, because any cooperative game can be remodelled as a noncooperative bargaining game, their theory defines a one-point solution for any cooperative game as well. By providing solutions - based on the same principles of rational behavior - for all classes of games, both cooperative and noncooperative, both those with complete and with incomplete information, Harsanyi and Selten's approach achieves a remarkable degree of theoretical unification for game theory as a whole and provides a deeper insight into the nature of game-theoretic rationality. The book applies this theory to a number of specific game classes, such as unanimity games; bargaining with transaction costs; trade involving one seller and several buyers; two-person bargaining with incomplete information on one side, and on both sides. The last chapter discusses the relationship of the authors' theory to other recently proposed solution concepts, particularly the Kohberg-Mertens stability theory.

Time is generally thought to be one of the more mysterious ingredients of the universe. In this intriguing book, Paul Horwich makes precise and explicit the interrelationships between time and a large number of philosophically important notions. Ideas of temporal order and priority interact in subtle and convoluted ways with the deepest elements in our network of basic concepts. Confronting this conceptual jigsaw puzzle, Horwich notes that there are glaring differences in how we regard the past and future directions of time. For example, we can influence the future but not the past, and can easily gain knowledge of the past but not of the future. Moreover we see a profusion of decay processes but little spontaneous generation of order; time appears to "flow" in one privileged direction, not the other; and we tend to explain phenomena in terms of antecedent circumstances, rather than subsequent ones. Horwich explains such time asymmetries and examines their bearing on the nature of time itself. Asymmetries in Time covers many notoriously difficult problems in the philosophy of science: causation, knowledge, entropy, explanation, time travel, rational choice (including Newcomb's problem), laws of nature, and counterfactual implication―and gives a unified treatment of these matters. The book covers an unusually broad range of topics in a lucid and nontechnical way and includes alternative points of view in the philosophical literature.

Life in the Universe documents the largest gathering to date of experts in the exciting new field of exobiology. In 29 chapters, the book explores the whole question of the nature and distribution of life in the universe―from the formation of planets to the origins of life on earth, the emergence of intelligence, and the future search for possible intelligence on other planets.

This is a complete presentation of all important theoretical and experimental work done on low-density codes. Low-density coding is one of the three techniques thus far developed for efficient communication over noisy channels with an arbitrarily low probability of error. A principal result of information theory is that if properly coded information is transmitted over a noisy channel at a rate below channel capacity, the probability of error can be made to approach zero exponentially with the code length. Any practical use of this theorem, however, requires a coding scheme in which the cost of storage and computation equipment grows slowly with code length. The present book analyzes a class of coding schemes for which costs grow approximately linearly with code length. It demonstrates that error probability approaches zero exponentially with a root of the block length and cites experimental evidence that this coding scheme has profitable aplicability in many communications situations.

Banking on the Poor traces the evolution of Robert McNamara's poverty-oriented redirections at the World Bank from 1968 to 1981.

To date, books on object-oriented programming have focused either on the methodology of the object-oriented paradigm or on teaching the details of a particular programming language. This collection takes a different approach, examining one object-oriented programming language - the Common-Lisp Object System (CLOS) - as a modern programming tool. The fourteen contributions examine CLOS from a variety of angles, revealing the thoughts behind the design of the language, its intended use, its impact on object-oriented design and programming, and its place in the context of other object-oriented programming languages. Chapter 1 provides enough detail about the language for the remaining material to be understood by readers unfamiliar with CLOS, and it concentrates on the unusual aspects of the language. CLOS is placed into historical perspective in Chapter 2, which describes the sources and evolution of ideas embodied in the language. Further chapters discuss the metaobject protocol, compare CLOS with other object-oriented languages, and discuss applications of the language and aspects of its implementation.

An extraordinary opportunity offered by the Du Pont Company gave Professor Hollander free access both to all detailed cost and much investment data related to rayon manufacture at a number of plants, covering a period of thirty years and to a wide range of informed personnel and officers. These data enabled Professor Hollander to make an unprecedented study of a large industrial firm for the purpose of measuring the contribution of various sources of improvement to increased efficiency. From the mass of information available, he has selected sound technical details and concepts, excluded all irrelevant material, and presented a carefully organized case study showing how technical change accounts for a very high proportion of the increases in productivity. Specifically, this information includes descriptions of the contributions of various types of technical change to production cost reductions, quantitative estimates of the contributions of technical change and economies of scale to increased efficiency, and analyses of the relation between technical change and investment and of the sources of new technology.The microeconomic approach is related to certain macrostudies of productivity increase, and several policy implications are drawn.This study should be of great interest to a wide audience including economists, economic historians, and technologists. All those concerned with the problems of economic growth, industrial structure, patent protection, technical invention, research and development, and the general progress of civilian industrial technology will find this book a valuable addition to their libraries.

Comparing Concepts is a great book with lots of photos by 4 German Photographers. It's comparing the great work of this four classic photographers. August Sander, Karl Blossfeldt, Albert Renger-Patzsh and Bernd & Hilla Becher are well known for their classic black & white photography. A very lucky find. This never opened new book is a treat.

Another volume in the Bechers' lifelong project of documenting the architecture of industrial structures.Bernd and Hilla Becher's photography can be considered conceptual art, typological study, and topological documentation. Their work can be linked to the Neue Sachlichkeit movement of the 1920s and to such masters of German photography as Karl Blossfeldt, August Sander, and Albert Renger-Patzsch. Their photographs documenting the architecture of industrial structures, taken over the course of forty years, make up the most important body of work to be found in independent objective photography. This volume adds cooling towers to a list of photographic projects that includes book-length studies of water towers, blast furnaces, gas tanks, mineheads, and frame houses.Since the end of the nineteenth century, cooling towers have formed a striking part of electricity and steel works. The first cooling towers were wood-clad structures at coal mines; more recent examples are the steel or concrete constructions seen at nuclear power stations. The simplicity of these forms and their hermetically sealed external skins create an impressive, monumental effect. The Bechers have been photographing cooling towers since the 1960s. This volume contains 236 photographs of cooling towers―in all their different shapes and structural forms―from Belgium, England, France, Germany, Holland, and the United States, and includes a short text by the Bechers.