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This ethnographic study is a revisionist view of the most significant and widely known mission system in Latin America―that of the Jesuit missions to the Guaraní Indians, who inhabited the border regions of Paraguay, Argentina, and Brazil. It traces in detail the process of Indian adaptation to Spanish colonialism from the sixteenth through the early nineteenth centuries. The book demonstrates conclusively that the Guaraní were as instrumental in determining their destinies as were the Catholic Church and Spanish bureaucrats. They were neither passive victims of Spanish colonialism nor innocent “children” of the jungle, but important actors who shaped fundamentally the history of the Río de la Plata region. The Guaraní responded to European contact according to the dynamics of their own culture, their individual interests and experiences, and the changing political, economic, and social realities of the late Bourbon period.

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For almost four centuries, the indigenous Chiripá (Guaraní) people of eastern Paraguay have maintained themselves as a distinct society and culture, despite continual and often intense relations with Paraguayan society and the international economy. In this study, Richard K. Reed explores the economic and social basis for this ethnic autonomy.Reed finds that Chiripá economic power derives from their practice of commercial agroforestry. Unlike Latin American indigenous societies that have been forced to clear land for commercial agriculture, the Chiripá continue to harvest and sell forest products, such as caffeinated yerba mate, without destroying the forests. Reed also explores the relation of this complex economy to Chiripá social organization and shows how flexible kin ties allowed the Chiripá to adapt to the pressure and opportunities of the commercial economy without adopting the authoritarian nature of rural Paraguayan society.These findings offer important insights into the relations among indigenous groups, nation-states, and the international economy. They also provide a timely alternative model for sustainable management of subtropical forests that will be of interest in the fields of development and environmental studies.

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For almost four centuries, the indigenous Chiripá (Guaraní) people of eastern Paraguay have maintained themselves as a distinct society and culture, despite continual and often intense relations with Paraguayan society and the international economy. In this study, Richard K. Reed explores the economic and social basis for this ethnic autonomy.Reed finds that Chiripá economic power derives from their practice of commercial agroforestry. Unlike Latin American indigenous societies that have been forced to clear land for commercial agriculture, the Chiripá continue to harvest and sell forest products, such as caffeinated yerba mate, without destroying the forests. Reed also explores the relation of this complex economy to Chiripá social organization and shows how flexible kin ties allowed the Chiripá to adapt to the pressure and opportunities of the commercial economy without adopting the authoritarian nature of rural Paraguayan society.These findings offer important insights into the relations among indigenous groups, nation-states, and the international economy. They also provide a timely alternative model for sustainable management of subtropical forests that will be of interest in the fields of development and environmental studies.

For almost four centuries, the indigenous Chiripá (Guaraní) people of eastern Paraguay have maintained themselves as a distinct society and culture, despite continual and often intense relations with Paraguayan society and the international economy. In this study, Richard K. Reed explores the economic and social basis for this ethnic autonomy.Reed finds that Chiripá economic power derives from their practice of commercial agroforestry. Unlike Latin American indigenous societies that have been forced to clear land for commercial agriculture, the Chiripá continue to harvest and sell forest products, such as caffeinated yerba mate, without destroying the forests. Reed also explores the relation of this complex economy to Chiripá social organization and shows how flexible kin ties allowed the Chiripá to adapt to the pressure and opportunities of the commercial economy without adopting the authoritarian nature of rural Paraguayan society.These findings offer important insights into the relations among indigenous groups, nation-states, and the international economy. They also provide a timely alternative model for sustainable management of subtropical forests that will be of interest in the fields of development and environmental studies.

In America, between the sixteenth and the seventeenth centuries, the expansion of the Society of Jesus appeared as the spiritual and humanistic counterpart of the military conquest and political domination. From Canada to Rio de la Plata, including California, Mexico, Brazil, Peru, Paraguay, the method consisted in regrouping the natives in relatively autonomous villages that would be conducive to teaching and evangelization. Within this system, the thirty "Reductions" of the Jesuit Province of Paraguay, built and inhabited by the Guaranis, stand out. Thanks to the innate dispositions of these Indians, their cultural and spiritual affinities with Jesuits, and to the actions on the part of the Jesuits that were both prudent and daring, what has been called the "Jesuit Republic of the Guaranis" came into being, which lasted one hundred and fifty years (1609-1768) as the scene of a religious and human experience without parallel, where Indians were allowed access to the status of free citizens, in all respects equal to the Spaniards and even culturally superior to them in many ways. Since the time of the Enlightenment, the experience of the Reductions of Paraguay has never ceased to intrigue scholarshistorians, anthropologists, political theorists - and artistsfilm directors (Roland Joffe, director of The Mission) and playwrights. It remains a unique event in the history of human society.

Text: Spanish (translation) Original Language: German

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For over three hundred years, from the era of Christopher Columbus to the struggles for independence around 1820, Latin America witnessed an artistic flowering of enormous creativity and originality. In a unique way, the art and architecture of Aztec, Inca and Guaraní civilizations blended with those of Europe, North Africa and the Far East. In particular, the Spanish and Portuguese empires in Central and South America created the climate for a flourishing, diverse and distinct version of Renaissance and Baroque culture, produced under utterly different social and geographic conditions from those found in Europe. The products of this unique culture include some of the most lavish and visually arresting works of art and architecture in the world. In this lively overview of the tremendously rich and varied artistic output of the area from southern Chile to northern California, Gauvin Alexander Bailey discusses viceregal and missionary as well as civic and rural architecture, alongside religious and secular painting, sculpture, metalwork, textiles and ceramics. But he also looks back to pre-colonial influences and concludes with an examination of how twentieth-century artists such as Diego Rivera and Frida Kahlo interpreted their artistic heritage. Even today, the art of the colonial period remains at the centre of Latin American society, culture and identity. The result is a book that provides a new and comprehensive understanding of all the influences that led to one of the most cosmopolitan artistic outpourings in the whole history of art.

Improve your health with stevia―the world’s only all-natural, calorie-free, non-glycemic herbal sweetener. Stevia is a leafy green herb with a strong, sugary flavor. Most people don’t believe it until they taste it. For centuries, the Guarani tribes of Paraguay have grown and loved these candy-flavored leaves, benefiting daily from the natural health stevia provides. They call it kaa-jhee, which means "honey leaf."The Stevia Solution Cookbook provides information on how to cultivate, grow, purchase, and use stevia in your everyday cooking and includes more than sixty full-color images and recipes.The health benefits of stevia are diverse:Stevia has no calories, chemicals, or carbs.Stevia protects against type-II diabetes.Stevia is an anti-inflammatory.Stevia helps prevent cavities.If you are looking for an alternative to today's high-caloric, inflammatory, and health-debilitating sweeteners, The Stevia Solution Cookbook is for you!

Una novela amena y sencilla, con un lenguaje coloquial donde la autora entremezcla el idioma materno de la protagonista (el guaraní) con el castellano, sin crear conflictos de comprensión. Es la historia de Mainumbý, una niña campesina con una infancia realmente feliz, repleta de recuerdos entrañables que transcurre con una mirada inocente entre costumbres y leyendas de un Paraguay profundo. Una felicidad truncada en su adolescencia que la obliga a huir del maltrato y de la violencia de género, abandonando su país natal para intentar rehacer su vida y sus sueños. Un viaje por diferentes destinos donde le tocarán muy de cerca algunos sucesos políticos y sociales, dejando huella en su historia. Una historia sin esperanza y decisiones personales muy duras pero. . . con un feliz desenlace.

Since Kiwi, a young Guarani boy, is not very good at archery, he prefers to go fishing with his father. He loves seeing a girl named Cereza who picks fruit near the water. When a terrible drought begins to make the plants wither and the water dry up, he knows he must take action or risk never getting to know Cereza.

A timeless message to our universal soul, Land Without Evil is the story of the Guarani people of South America and their quest to maintain their culture during the European onslaught of the 1700s. Shamanism, historical conflict, coming of age, and a touching love story drive this impeccably researched novel. "Bravo...More!" Ray Bradbury,author of Fahrenheit 451

Conquistador Without Sword vividly tells, for the first time in English, the story of Roque González de Santa Cruz, SJ. Son of one of the original conquistadors, Roque dedicated his intense life to the defense of the Guaraní Indians of Paraguay and became the main founder of the famed “Reductions" – havens for the Indians against enslavement by the colonists. Roque was the First American-born martyr who died while serving American Indians. Thanks to research into contemporary documents, C.J. McNaspy, SJ, offers the hostile Indians’ defense in their own words. The irony of Roque’s martyrdom is that those who executed him were unaware that they were killing their most stalwart defender. Today, descendants of the Guaraní Indians regard Roque as their hero. Roque was a liberator and is the spiritual ancestor of today’s martyrs in Central and South America. Roque González de Santa Cruz, SJ, was beatified in the Roman Catholic Church on January 28, 1934, by Pope Pius XI. Roque was canonized in the Roman Catholic Church on May 16, 1988, by St. John Paul II. His feast day is November 16.

In order to come to terms with his violent past, soldier-of-fortune Rodrigo Mendoza joins forces with a priest, Father Gabriel, head of a Jesuit mission deep in the South American jungle, to battle ruthless slave traders preying on the Guarani natives

Paraguay is still largely undiscovered by travelers, but those who make their way here are delighted by the country’s distinctive culture and strong indigenous features. This is the only truly bilingual nation of Latin America, with Guaraní spoken alongside Spanish all over the country. Its folk-dance tradition is hugely popular among young people; its harp playing is legendary; and Paraguayans are proud of their different handicrafts, particularly their sewing. The country is also home to the historic Jesuit missions, or reductions (as depicted in the film The Mission).Bradt’s Paraguay the only English-language guidebook to this emerging tourism destination covers the region with unrivalled detail and knowledge. Written by an author who has lived for the last decade in the Paraguayan countryside, where she has set up an educational charity, it delves deep into a country that has so far eluded the grasp of mass tourism, and where rich indigenous culture and folk traditions still hold strong.

The Guarani of Paraguay have survived over four centuries of contact with the commercial system, while keeping in tact their traditions of leadership, religion and kinship.  This concise ethnography examines how the Guarani have adapted over time, in concert with Paraguay’s subtropical forest system. New To This Edition: Expanded historical background and updated demographic information on the Guarani brings the research to the present day (Chapter 1). Expands and strengthens the discussion of “sustainability” to include more recent advances in the concept (Chapter 1), and introduces the idea of “subsidy from nature” into the discussion of conventional tropical development (Chapter 3). Develops the discussion of women’s labor in horticulture (Chapter 3). Analyzes the effects of indigenous mixed agro-forestry in stemming the high rates of Paraguayan deforestation of the 1990s   (Chapter 4). Discusses the recent globalization of the yerba mate market, and the economy's effecton Paraguay’s protected areas (Chapter 4). Describes Guarani ethnic federations as a means to engage the national and international political institutions (Chapter 4). Explores the rapid growth in Guarani population in native communities, which results from lower infant mortality, more land pressure and more reliable census data (Chapter 4). This brief introductory text makes the ideal supplementary text for students of anthropology.