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A revealing look at how negative biases against women of color are embedded in search engine results and algorithms Run a Google search for “black girls”―what will you find? “Big Booty” and other sexually explicit terms are likely to come up as top search terms. But, if you type in “white girls,” the results are radically different. The suggested porn sites and un-moderated discussions about “why black women are so sassy” or “why black women are so angry” presents a disturbing portrait of black womanhood in modern society.In Algorithms of Oppression, Safiya Umoja Noble challenges the idea that search engines like Google offer an equal playing field for all forms of ideas, identities, and activities. Data discrimination is a real social problem; Noble argues that the combination of private interests in promoting certain sites, along with the monopoly status of a relatively small number of Internet search engines, leads to a biased set of search algorithms that privilege whiteness and discriminate against people of color, specifically women of color.Through an analysis of textual and media searches as well as extensive research on paid online advertising, Noble exposes a culture of racism and sexism in the way discoverability is created online. As search engines and their related companies grow in importance―operating as a source for email, a major vehicle for primary and secondary school learning, and beyond―understanding and reversing these disquieting trends and discriminatory practices is of utmost importance.An original, surprising and, at times, disturbing account of bias on the internet, Algorithms of Oppression contributes to our understanding of how racism is created, maintained, and disseminated in the 21st century.

A revealing look at how negative biases against women of color are embedded in search engine results and algorithms Run a Google search for “black girls”―what will you find? “Big Booty” and other sexually explicit terms are likely to come up as top search terms. But, if you type in “white girls,” the results are radically different. The suggested porn sites and un-moderated discussions about “why black women are so sassy” or “why black women are so angry” presents a disturbing portrait of black womanhood in modern society.In Algorithms of Oppression, Safiya Umoja Noble challenges the idea that search engines like Google offer an equal playing field for all forms of ideas, identities, and activities. Data discrimination is a real social problem; Noble argues that the combination of private interests in promoting certain sites, along with the monopoly status of a relatively small number of Internet search engines, leads to a biased set of search algorithms that privilege whiteness and discriminate against people of color, specifically women of color.Through an analysis of textual and media searches as well as extensive research on paid online advertising, Noble exposes a culture of racism and sexism in the way discoverability is created online. As search engines and their related companies grow in importance―operating as a source for email, a major vehicle for primary and secondary school learning, and beyond―understanding and reversing these disquieting trends and discriminatory practices is of utmost importance.An original, surprising and, at times, disturbing account of bias on the internet, Algorithms of Oppression contributes to our understanding of how racism is created, maintained, and disseminated in the 21st century.

If you're searching for the ideal adjustable bed, your search is over. This incredible bed comes with silent motors, removable legs, and is even perfect for platform beds. It has adjustable legs that are compatible with almost any bed, plus three easy preset positions: Zero Gravity, TV, and Anti Snore. There are two programmable memory positions and four independent quiet motors (head, neck, lumbar, foot) to provide the perfect support. Plus, there's a night light around the bottom of the bed for convenience, and an emergency battery back-up that can be used to reset in case of a power outage. And, the bed comes with easy to reach USB charging ports for all your favorite electronics. The worry free one touch flat feature makes it even easier to use. Get this adjustable bed and enjoy a great night of sleep. Color: Black. Material: Metal.

If you're searching for the ideal adjustable bed, your search is over. This incredible bed comes with silent motors, removable legs, and is even perfect for platform beds. It has adjustable legs that are compatible with almost any bed, plus three easy preset positions: Zero Gravity, TV, and Anti Snore. There are two programmable memory positions and four independent quiet motors (head, neck, lumbar, foot) to provide the perfect support. Plus, there's a night light around the bottom of the bed for convenience, and an emergency battery back-up that can be used to reset in case of a power outage. And, the bed comes with easy to reach USB charging ports for all your favorite electronics. The worry free one touch flat feature makes it even easier to use. Get this adjustable bed and enjoy a great night of sleep. Color: Black. Material: Metal.

This book offers a fresh interpretation of American social history, emphasizing the vital role of the family and household autonomy and the joint threats to the family imposed by industrial organization and the state. Carlson shows that the United States - rather than being "born modern" as a progressive consumerist society - was in fact founded as an agrarian society composed of independent households rooted in land, lineage and hierarchy. It also explains how the social effects of industrialization, particularly the "great divorce" of labor from the home, has been a defining issue in American domestic life, from the 1850s to the present.The book critically examines five distinct strategies to restore a foundation for family life in industrial society, drawing on the insights of Frederic Laplay, Carle Zimmerman, and G. K. Chesterton and outlines the necessary basis for family life. Family survival depends on the creation of meaningful, "pre-modern" household economies. As the author explains, "both men and women are called home to relearn the deeper meaning of the ancient words, husbandry and housewifery."

The authors in this book argue that our dedication to maintaining beautiful lawns is contributing to the serious environmental problems facing the planet, and they offer strategies for creating and caring for aesthetically pleasing and ecologically sound lawns. This new edition updates the original text and adds a chapter and illustrations showing what progress has been made in the ecological management of landscapes over the past decade.Reviews of the first edition:“An extremely readable summation of the origins of the addiction to lawns, and of the environmental reasons why Americans should kick the habit.”―Anne Raver, New York Times Book Review“A manual for improving a large part of the American environment while reducing pollution, saving Americans a large amount of money, and beautifying the landscape.”―Edward O. Wilson

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Americans love their lawns with a passion rarely seen in other countries; fifty-eight million Americans enthusiastically plant, weed, water, spray, and mow an estimated twenty million acres of lawn. But is our dedication to these lawns contributing to the serious environmental problems facing the planet? The authors in this book state that the lawn may be an ecological anachronism, and they argue that we must rethink the way we care for our lawns so that these small pieces of the environment will demonstrate our commitment to a more ecologically sound world. The authors outline the origins of ideas about the lawn and the reasons for its enduring popularity. They describe the development of ideas about its form and the making of the lawn into an object of beauty. They explain how the lawn industry has encouraged the spread of the "industrial" lawn to sustain high sales of mowers, seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation equipment. However, say the authors, Industrial Lawns can have high environmental costs: for example, power motors contribute to regional air pollution and global warming; excess fertilizers and pesticides wash off our lawns and run into our wells, streams, and lakes; grass clippings that are bagged and hauled away are major contributors to solid waste problems; and the watering of lawns depletes scarce water supplies. How can we create environmentally sound lawns? The authors offer a variety of ideas - such as moderation in our use of lawn supplements, ecological use of grass varieties, the substitution of hand mowers for power motors, and the use of grass clippings to fertilize the lawn. These strategies can help us to care for conventional lawns in ways lessdangerous to the environment. They also propose two more radical alternatives: Freedom Lawns that allow natural and unrestricted growth of grasses, clover, wildflowers, and other broad-leafed herbaceous plants; and total replacement of the lawn with new landscape designs. By choosing

Who is Grandfather? To Tom Brown, Jr. he was an invaluable teacher, one without limits or time, one whose world was an eternity, and whose riches were defined in the beauty of nature. The true identity of Brown's teacher is one of the many great mysteries which unfold in this tribute to the eternal spirit in everyone.

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Who is Grandfather? To Tom Brown, Jr. he was an invaluable teacher, one without limits or time, one whose world was an eternity, and whose riches were defined in the beauty of nature. The true identity of Brown's teacher is one of the many great mysteries which unfold in this tribute to the eternal spirit in everyone.

This book offers a fresh interpretation of American social history, emphasizing the vital role of the family and household autonomy and the joint threats to the family imposed by industrial organization and the state. Carlson shows that the United States - rather than being "born modern" as a progressive consumerist society - was in fact founded as an agrarian society composed of independent households rooted in land, lineage and hierarchy. It also explains how the social effects of industrialization, particularly the "great divorce" of labor from the home, has been a defining issue in American domestic life, from the 1850s to the present.The book critically examines five distinct strategies to restore a foundation for family life in industrial society, drawing on the insights of Frederic Laplay, Carle Zimmerman, and G. K. Chesterton and outlines the necessary basis for family life. Family survival depends on the creation of meaningful, "pre-modern" household economies. As the author explains, "both men and women are called home to relearn the deeper meaning of the ancient words, husbandry and housewifery."

If you're searching for the ideal adjustable bed, your search is over. This incredible bed comes with silent motors, removable legs, and is even perfect for platform beds. It has adjustable legs that are compatible with almost any bed, plus three easy preset positions: Zero Gravity, TV, and Anti Snore. There are two programmable memory positions and four independent quiet motors (head, neck, lumbar, foot) to provide the perfect support. Plus, there's a night light around the bottom of the bed for convenience, and an emergency battery back-up that can be used to reset in case of a power outage. And, the bed comes with easy to reach USB charging ports for all your favorite electronics. The worry free one touch flat feature makes it even easier to use. Get this adjustable bed and enjoy a great night of sleep. Size: xl. Color: Black. Material: Metal.

If you're searching for the ideal adjustable bed, your search is over. This incredible bed comes with silent motors, removable legs and is even perfect for platform beds. It has adjustable legs that are compatible with almost any bed, plus 3 easy preset positions: zero gravity, TV and anti snore. There are 2-programmable memory positions and 4 independent quiet motors head, neck, lumbar, foot to provide the perfect support. Plus, there's a night light around the bottom of the bed for convenience and an emergency battery back-up that can be used to reset in case of a power outage. And, the bed comes with easy to reach USB charging ports for all your favorite electronics. The worry free 1 touch flat feature makes it even easier to use. Get this adjustable bed and enjoy a great night of sleep. Color: Black. Material: Metal.

This book presents a unified view of evolutionary algorithms: the exciting new probabilistic search tools inspired by biological models that have immense potential as practical problem-solvers in a wide variety of settings, academic, commercial, and industrial. In this work, the author compares the three most prominent representatives of evolutionary algorithms: genetic algorithms, evolution strategies, and evolutionary programming. The algorithms are presented within a unified framework, thereby clarifying the similarities and differences of these methods. The author also presents new results regarding the role of mutation and selection in genetic algorithms, showing how mutation seems to be much more important for the performance of genetic algorithms than usually assumed. The interaction of selection and mutation, and the impact of the binary code are further topics of interest. Some of the theoretical results are also confirmed by performing an experiment in meta-evolution on a parallel computer. The meta-algorithm used in this experiment combines components from evolution strategies and genetic algorithms to yield a hybrid capable of handling mixed integer optimization problems. As a detailed description of the algorithms, with practical guidelines for usage and implementation, this work will interest a wide range of researchers in computer science and engineering disciplines, as well as graduate students in these fields.

This book details approximate solutions to common fixed point problems and convex feasibility problems in the presence of perturbations. Convex feasibility problems search for a common point of a finite collection of subsets in a Hilbert space; common fixed point problems pursue a common fixed point of a finite collection of self-mappings in a Hilbert space. A variety of algorithms are considered in this book for solving both types of problems,  the study of which has fueled a rapidly growing area of research. This monograph is timely and highlights the numerous applications to engineering, computed tomography, and radiation therapy planning. Totaling eight chapters, this book begins with an introduction to foundational material and moves on to examine iterative methods in metric spaces. The dynamic string-averaging methods for common fixed point problems in normed space are analyzed in Chapter 3. Dynamic string methods, for common fixed point problems in a metric space are introduced and discussed in Chapter 4. Chapter 5 is devoted to the convergence of an abstract version of the algorithm which has been called  component-averaged row projections (CARP). Chapter 6 studies a proximal algorithm for finding a common zero of a family of maximal monotone operators. Chapter 7 extends the results of Chapter 6 for a dynamic string-averaging version of the proximal algorithm. In Chapters 8 subgradient projections algorithms for convex feasibility problems are examined for infinite dimensional Hilbert spaces. 

A revealing look at how negative biases against women of color are embedded in search engine results and algorithms Run a Google search for “black girls”―what will you find? “Big Booty” and other sexually explicit terms are likely to come up as top search terms. But, if you type in “white girls,” the results are radically different. The suggested porn sites and un-moderated discussions about “why black women are so sassy” or “why black women are so angry” presents a disturbing portrait of black womanhood in modern society.In Algorithms of Oppression, Safiya Umoja Noble challenges the idea that search engines like Google offer an equal playing field for all forms of ideas, identities, and activities. Data discrimination is a real social problem; Noble argues that the combination of private interests in promoting certain sites, along with the monopoly status of a relatively small number of Internet search engines, leads to a biased set of search algorithms that privilege whiteness and discriminate against people of color, specifically women of color.Through an analysis of textual and media searches as well as extensive research on paid online advertising, Noble exposes a culture of racism and sexism in the way discoverability is created online. As search engines and their related companies grow in importance―operating as a source for email, a major vehicle for primary and secondary school learning, and beyond―understanding and reversing these disquieting trends and discriminatory practices is of utmost importance.An original, surprising and, at times, disturbing account of bias on the internet, Algorithms of Oppression contributes to our understanding of how racism is created, maintained, and disseminated in the 21st century.

Algorithms for Games aims to provide a concrete example of the programming of a two-person game with complete information, and to demonstrate some of the methods of solutions; to show the reader that it is profitable not to fear a search, but rather to undertake it in a rational fashion, make a proper estimate of the dimensions of the "catastrophe", and use all suitable means to keep it down to a reasonable size. The book is dedicated to the study of methods for limiting the extent of a search. The game programming problem is very well suited to the study of the search problem, and in general for multi-step solution processes. With this in mind, the book focuses on the programming of games as the best means of developing the ideas and methods presented. While many of the examples are related to chess, only an elementary knowledge of the game is needed.

The Wiley Paperback Series makes valuable content more accessible to a new generation of statisticians, mathematicians and scientists. Evolutionary algorithms are very powerful techniques used to find solutions to real-world search and optimization problems. Many of these problems have multiple objectives, which leads to the need to obtain a set of optimal solutions, known as effective solutions. It has been found that using evolutionary algorithms is a highly effective way of finding multiple effective solutions in a single simulation run. Comrephensive coverage of this growing area of research. Carefully introduces each algorithm with examples and in-depth discussion. Includes many applications to real-world problems, including engineering design and scheduling. Includes discussion of advanced topics and future research. Accessible to those with limited knowledge of multi-objective optimization and evolutionary algorithms Provides an extensive discussion on the principles of multi-objective optimization and on a number of classical approaches. This integrated presentation of theory, algorithms and examples will benefit those working in the areas of optimization, optimal design and evolutionary computing.