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In its long history, the English language has had many lawmakers-those who have tried to regulate or otherwise organize the way we speak. The Lexicographer's Dilemma poses a pair of questions-what does proper English mean, and who gets to say what's right? Our ideas of correct or proper English have a history, and today's debates over the state of the language-whether about Ebonics in schools, the unique use of language in a South Park episode, or split infinitives in the Times-make sense only in historical context. As historian Jack Lynch has discovered, every rule has a human history, and the characters who populate his narrative are as interesting for their obsessions as for their erudition. Charting the evolution of English with wit and intelligence, he provides a rich historical perspective that makes us appreciate a new the hard-won standards we now enjoy.

In its long history, the English language has had many lawmakers--those who have tried to regulate or otherwise organize the way we speak. The Lexicographer's Dilemma offers the first narrative history of these endeavors and shows clearly that what we now regard as the only "correct" way to speak emerged out of specific historical and social conditions over the course of centuries. As historian Jack Lynch has discovered, every rule has a human history and the characters peopling his narrative are as interesting for their obsession as for their erudition: the sharp-tongued satirist Jonathan Swift, who called for a government-sponsored academy to issue rulings on the language; the polymath Samuel Johnson, who put dictionaries on a new footing; the eccentric Hebraist Robert Lowth, the first modern to understand the workings of biblical poetry; the crackpot linguist John Horne Tooke, whose bizarre theories continue to baffle scholars; the chemist and theologian Joseph Priestly, whose political radicalism prompted violent riots; the ever-crotchety Noah Webster, who worked to Americanize the English language; the long-bearded lexicographer James A. H. Murray, who devoted his life to a survey of the entire language in the Oxford English Dictionary; and the playwright George Bernard Shaw, who worked without success to make English spelling rational. Grammatical "rules" or "laws" are not like the law of gravity, or even laws against murder and theft--they're more like rules of etiquette, made by fallible people and subject to change. Witty, smart, full of passion for the world's language, The Lexicograher's Dilemma will entertain and educate in equal measure.

Sir Thomas Elyot's Latin-English dictionary, published in 1538, became the leading work of its kind in England. In this book Gabriele Stein describes this pioneering work, exploring its inner structure and workings, its impact on contemporary scholarship, and its later influence.The author opens with an account of Elyot's life and publications. Sir Thomas Elyot (c. 1490-1546) was a humanist scholar and intellectual ally of Sir Thomas More. He was employed by Thomas Cromwell in diplomatic and official capacities that did more to impoverish than enrich him, and he sought to increase his income with writing. His treatise on moral philosophy, The Boke named the Governour, was published in 1531 and dedicated to Henry VIII. His popular treatise on medicine, The Castell of Helth, went through seventeen editions.Professor Stein then considers how Elyot set about compiling this great bilingual dictionary. She looks at his guiding principles and organization, and the authors and texts he used as sources. She examines the book's importance for the historical study of English, noting the lexical regionalisms and items of vulgar usage in the Promptorium parvulorum and the dictionaries of Palsgrave and Elyot. She then describes Elyot's linking of lemma and gloss, and use of generic reference points. She explains how Elyot translated, paraphrased and defined the Latin headwords and compares his practice with his predecessors. Professor Stein ends with a detailed assessment of Elyot's impact on sixteenth- and seventeenth-century dictionaries and his place in Renaissance lexicography. Her exploration of the work of an outstanding sixteenth-century scholar will interest historians of the English language, lexicography, and the intellectual climate of Tudor England.

Sir Thomas Elyot's Latin-English dictionary, published in 1538, became the leading work of its kind in England. In this book Gabriele Stein describes this pioneering work, exploring its inner structure and workings, its impact on contemporary scholarship, and its later influence.The author opens with an account of Elyot's life and publications. Sir Thomas Elyot (c. 1490-1546) was a humanist scholar and intellectual ally of Sir Thomas More. He was employed by Thomas Cromwell in diplomatic and official capacities that did more to impoverish than enrich him, and he sought to increase his income with writing. His treatise on moral philosophy, The Boke named the Governour, was published in 1531 and dedicated to Henry VIII. His popular treatise on medicine, The Castell of Helth, went through seventeen editions.Professor Stein then considers how Elyot set about compiling this great bilingual dictionary. She looks at his guiding principles and organization, and the authors and texts he used as sources. She examines the book's importance for the historical study of English, noting the lexical regionalisms and items of vulgar usage in the Promptorium parvulorum and the dictionaries of Palsgrave and Elyot. She then describes Elyot's linking of lemma and gloss, and use of generic reference points. She explains how Elyot translated, paraphrased and defined the Latin headwords and compares his practice with his predecessors. Professor Stein ends with a detailed assessment of Elyot's impact on sixteenth- and seventeenth-century dictionaries and his place in Renaissance lexicography. Her exploration of the work of an outstanding sixteenth-century scholar will interest historians of the English language, lexicography, and the intellectual climate of Tudor England.

Organized to provide information easily and rapidly, it is a defining work rather than a compilation of facts by a prominent lexicographer. Defines over 7,500 current banking terms, including commonly used symbols, acronyms, abbreviations and more. All the terminology has been reviewed and revised to reflect the latest industry practices, legislation and regulations in order to provide readers with the most up-to-date glossary of banking and related terms available.

Noted lexicographer Thomsett here dissects more than 1,400 terms, a buttula to zither, with clarity and precision; 383 high quality original illustrations render concepts that make verbal explanation difficult. Fully cross referenced, this dictionary is an authoritative source for researchers, musicologists, professional musicians, teachers and students of music, and educated members of the public. The richly detailed and comprehensive dictionary proper is followed by a five-language glossary of instruments. An illustrated notation guide provides identification of symbols used in musical scores. The final section comprehensively covers scales, keys and chords.

The 18th century lexicographer Samuel Johnson with the help of his friend James Boswell solves seven baffling crimes

This volume provides concise, authoritative accounts of the approaches and methodologies of modern lexicography and of the aims and qualities of its end products. Leading scholars and professional lexicographers, from all over the world and representing all the main traditions and perspectives, assess the state of the art in every aspect of research and practice. The book is divided into four parts, reflecting the main types of lexicography. Part I looks at synchronic dictionaries - those for the general public, monolingual dictionaries for second-language learners, and bilingual dictionaries. Part II and III are devoted to the distinctive methodologies and concerns of historical dictionaries and specialist dictionaries respectively, while chapters in Part IV examine specific topics such as description and prescription; the representation of pronunciation; and the practicalities of dictionary production. The book ends with a chronology of major events in the history of lexicography. It will be a valuable resource for students, scholars, and practitioners in the field.

Sir M.Monier-Williams embarked upon Sanskrit-English Dictionary, with the primary object of exhibiting, by a lucid etymological arrangement, the structure of the Sanskrit language, the very key-stone of the science of Comparative Philology. Though all lexicographers have to rely on the work of their earlier compeers, Sir Williams` work is unique and original in its plan and execution, the utility of which is seen in its repeated reprints. This is not a mere aggregation of words and meanings but the fruit of a colossal industry and experience with the actual treatises in the original language on a number of subjects. All the words are arranged etymologically and philologically with special reference to cognate Indo-European languages. The author refers to several authors and extant works. the work includes well over 1,80,000 words. This invaluable thesaurus serves far too well the needs of researchers and lovers of Sanskrit. There is an elaborate and informative Introduction detailing the inception and progress of this huge task, successfully completed with the collaboration of devoted scholars like Prof. E. Leumann, Prof. C. Cappeller and others.

Noah Webster was a truly remarkable man, shrewd, passionate, learned and energetic, God-fearing and patriotic. Mr. Unger has done a fine job reintroducing him to a new generation of Americans. --Washington Times Noah Webster The Life and Times of an American Patriot ""More than a lexicographer, Webster was a teacher, philosopher, author, essayist, orator, political leader, public official, and crusading editor. Webster's life thrust him into every major event of the early history of our nation, from the Revolutionary War to the War of 1812. He touched the lives of the most renowned Americans --and the most obscure. He earned the love and friendship of many, the hatred of some, but the respect of all. Noah Webster helped create far more than an American dictionary; he helped create an American nation."" --from the Prologue In the first major biography of Noah Webster in over sixty years, author Harlow Unger creates an intriguing portrait of the United States as an energetic and confident young country, even when independence was fragile and the future unclear. Harlow Unger brilliantly restores Webster's monumental legacy as a teacher,legislator, philosopher, lawyer, editor, and one of history's most profoundly influential lexicographers. Breathtaking adventure--from the American Revolution to the War of 1812--and masterful scholarship converge in this riveting chronicle of a singularly American intellect.

This book tells the history of the Oxford English Dictionary from its beginnings in the middle of the nineteenth century to the present. The author, uniquely among historians of the OED, is also a practising lexicographer with nearly thirty years' experience of working on the Dictionary. He has drawn on a wide range of sources--including previously unexamined archival material and eyewitness testimony--to create a detailed history of the project. The book explores the cultural background from which the idea of a comprehensive historical dictionary of English emerged, the lengthy struggles to bring this concept to fruition, and the development of the book from the appearance of the first printed fascicle in 1884 to the launching of the Dictionary as an online database in 2000 and beyond. It also examines the evolution of the lexicographers' working methods, and provides much information about the people--many of them remarkable individuals--who have contributed to the project over the last century and a half.

For more than a century, Black's Law Dictionary has been the gold standard for the language of law. Today, it s the most widely cited law book in the world. By Editor in Chief Bryan A. Garner, the world s leading legal lexicographer, the 10th Edition is the most authoritative, comprehensive law dictionary ever published. It contains more than 50,000 terms and includes: More than 7,500 terms new to this edition, including affluenza defense, bioweapon, cryptanalysis, gazump, hacker, legaldygook, intrapreneur, mommy track, one-bite rule, psephology, unperson, and zero-tolerance law 16,000 new definitions and expanded bibliographic coverage, with more than twice as many sources quoted and cited than in the 9th Edition Earliest usage dates in English-language contexts for nearly all terms (Black s is the only legal dictionary with this feature) Trusted authority every term has been reviewed for accuracy by attorneys across the country Definitions of more than 1,000 law-related abbreviations and acronyms Pronunciation guidance Thoroughly reviewed and edited Latin maxims, with 900 new maxims added

This is a down-to-earth, 'how to do it' textbook on the making of dictionaries. Written by professional lexicographers with over seventy years' experience between them, the book presents a step-by-step course for the training of lexicographers in all settings, including publishing houses, colleges, and universities world-wide, and for the teaching of lexicography as an academic discipline. It takes readers through the processes of designing, collecting, and annotating a corpus of texts; shows how to analyse the data in order to extract the relevant information; and demonstrates how these findings are drawn together in the semantic, grammatical, and pedagogic components that make up an entry. The authors explain the relevance and application of recent linguistic theories, such as prototype theory and frame semantics, and describe the role of software in the manipulation of data and the compilation of entries. They provide practical exercises at every stage. The Oxford Guide to Practical Lexicography draws on materials developed by the authors over more than twenty years of teaching courses for publishing houses and universities in the US, Japan, Hong Kong and China, South Africa, Australia, the UK, and Europe. It will be welcomed everywhere by lexicographers, teachers of lexicography, and their students. It is also fascinating reading for all those interested in discovering how dictionaries are made.

Careful writers and speakers agree that clichés are generally to be avoided. However, nearly all of us continue to use them. Why do they persist in our language?In It's Been Said Before, lexicographer Orin Hargraves examines the peculiar idea and power of the cliché. He helps readers understand why certain phrases became clichés and why they should be avoided -- or why they still have life left in them. Indeed, clichés can be useful -- even powerful. And few people even agree on which expressions are clichés and which are not. Many regard any frequent idiom as a cliché, and a phrase regarded as a cliché in one context may be seen simply as an effective expression in another. Examples drawn from data about actual usage support Hargraves' identification of true clichés. They also illuminate his commentary on usage problems and helpful suggestions for eliminating clichés where they serve no useful purpose.Concise and lively, It's Been Said Before serves as a guide to the most overused phrases in the English language -- and to phrases that are used exactly as often as they should be.

Frederick W. Danker is deservedly recognized as one of today's foremost Greek lexicographers. Unique among contemporary biblical scholars, Danker has lived to see the publication of two major Greek dictionaries that he himself edited. While he was part of the editorial team that produced the second edition of A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, he alone thoroughly revised the entire dictionary to produce the third edition, popularly known as BDAG. Projects like these have considerably advanced New Testament lexicography in the twentieth century and have laid a solid foundation for further lexicographical work in the twenty-first. / Biblical Greek Language and Lexicography celebrates the life and work of Professor Danker. In character with his contribution to Greek scholarship, the essays have been chosen to assist biblical Greek students and their teachers to develop a deeper understanding of aspects of Greek language and lexicography. Among the topics of discussion are the way one discovers the meaning of words, current tools available to students of language, and the approach being used in the latest New Testament and Septuagint Greek dictionaries. The book also features rich footnotes directing students to important Greek language resources, a selected bibliography of Danker's publications, an appendix listing BDAG precursors, and four indexes - biblical references, Greek words, Hebrew forms, and grammatical and lexicographical terms. / Sure to interest scholars, teachers, pastors, and students, this volume is both a worthy tribute to the career of Frederick Danker and a valuable presentation of the state of the art in Greek and biblical language studies.

Worthington Chauncey Ford (1858-1941) was descended from a long line of intellectuals, including Governor William Bradford of Plymouth Colony, President Charles Chauncey of Harvard College, and the eminent lexicographer Noah Webster, so it was not surprising that he chose a career dedicated to historical investigation and learning. A pioneer in the acquisition of American historical documents, Ford was also the most prolific historian-editor in American history, publishing over 260 articles, essays, and books in his lengthy career. A college dropout, he became one of the nation's most distinguished historians and was elected president of the American Historical Association in 1917.Ford's significance as a major figure in American historical scholarship has been too long neglected. His achievements are now examined in this illuminating biography. Louis Leonard Tucker begins by describing how Ford's parents inspired his love of books and passion for American history. He then traces Ford's early career to his appointment to a positionas in the Department of State, where he launched an ambitious plan to publish and disseminate the agency's vast and significant holdings of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century historical manuscripts. Tucker describes Ford's subsequent successful tenures at the Boston Public Library and Library of Congress, and his twenty-year career as the de facto director of the Massachusetts Historical Society. He also recounts the sensational and tragic fratricide-suicide of Ford's noted two brothers: Paul, one of America's outstanding historian-novelists, and Malcolm, the nation's leading track star of the 1880s.An invaluable reference for historians, documentary editors, librarians, archivists, and researchers, this sprightly, well-crafted recounts the considerable contributions of the "Prince of Editors."

Prepared by the acclaimed legal lexicographer Bryan A. Garner, the ninth edition of Black s Law Dictionary is a major advancement for the world s most-cited lawbook. The update was reviewed by a panel of 225 legal practitioners from across the country, as well as 65 renowned law professors. This edition features 20% more content than the abridged eighth edition, with emphasis on emerging fields of law, incorporating new legal terms from ableism, bear hug, and click fraud to X-patent, yank-cheating, and zygote intrafallopian transfer. Parts of speech, etymology, and pronunciation are provided where appropriate, plus dozens of subject and usage labels.

This book tells the history of the Oxford English Dictionary from its beginnings in the middle of the nineteenth century to the present. The author, uniquely among historians of the OED, is also a practising lexicographer with nearly thirty years' experience of working on the Dictionary. He has drawn on a wide range of sources--including previously unexamined archival material and eyewitness testimony--to create a detailed history of the project. The book explores the cultural background from which the idea of a comprehensive historical dictionary of English emerged, the lengthy struggles to bring this concept to fruition, and the development of the book from the appearance of the first printed fascicle in 1884 to the launching of the Dictionary as an online database in 2000 and beyond. It also examines the evolution of the lexicographers' working methods, and provides much information about the people--many of them remarkable individuals--who have contributed to the project over the last century and a half.

This is the mirror publication of the handy format and popular English/Swahili Pocket dictionary. The dictionary contains some 6,000 entries; and the introduction provides notes on Swahili pronunciation, morphology and grammar. The authors are native speakers, expert Swahili language teachers and lexicographers.

The most-cited legal dictionary in the world, Black's Law Dictionary 10th Abridged contains more than 50,000 terms in an easy-to-use softbound format. Prepared by legal lexicographer Bryan A. Garner, the Abridged is a trusted authority for legal research. More than 7,500 new terms are found in the 10th Abridged, from "affluenza" to "zero-tolerance law." The Abridged includes what matters most – the terms and their definitions – without the additional reference material found in the Standard 10th Edition, offering the user unparalleled value.