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Metastable Liquids provides a comprehensive treatment of the properties of liquids under conditions where the stable state is a vapor, a solid, or a liquid mixture of different composition. It examines the fundamental principles that govern the equilibrium properties, stability, relaxation mechanisms, and relaxation rates of metastable liquids. Building on the interplay of kinetics and thermodynamics that determines the thermophysical properties and structural relaxation of metastable liquids, it offers an in-depth treatment of thermodynamic stability theory, the statistical mechanics of metastability, nucleation, spinodal decomposition, supercooled liquids, and the glass transition. Both traditional topics--such as stability theory--and modern developments--including modern theories of nucleation and the properties of supercooled and glassy water--are treated in detail. An introductory chapter illustrates, with numerous examples, the importance and ubiquity of metastable liquids. Examples include the ascent of sap in plants, the strategies adopted by many living organisms to survive prolonged exposure to sub-freezing conditions, the behavior of proteins at low temperatures, metastability in mineral inclusions, ozone depletion, the preservation and storage of labile biochemicals, and the prevention of natural gas clathrate hydrate formation. All mathematical symbols are defined in the text and key equations are clearly explained. More complex mathematical explanations are available in the appendixes.

Metastable Liquids provides a comprehensive treatment of the properties of liquids under conditions where the stable state is a vapor, a solid, or a liquid mixture of different composition. It examines the fundamental principles that govern the equilibrium properties, stability, relaxation mechanisms, and relaxation rates of metastable liquids. Building on the interplay of kinetics and thermodynamics that determines the thermophysical properties and structural relaxation of metastable liquids, it offers an in-depth treatment of thermodynamic stability theory, the statistical mechanics of metastability, nucleation, spinodal decomposition, supercooled liquids, and the glass transition. Both traditional topics--such as stability theory--and modern developments--including modern theories of nucleation and the properties of supercooled and glassy water--are treated in detail. An introductory chapter illustrates, with numerous examples, the importance and ubiquity of metastable liquids. Examples include the ascent of sap in plants, the strategies adopted by many living organisms to survive prolonged exposure to sub-freezing conditions, the behavior of proteins at low temperatures, metastability in mineral inclusions, ozone depletion, the preservation and storage of labile biochemicals, and the prevention of natural gas clathrate hydrate formation. All mathematical symbols are defined in the text and key equations are clearly explained. More complex mathematical explanations are available in the appendixes.

A classical metastable state possesses a local free energy minimum at infinite sizes, but not a global one. This concept is phase size independent. We have studied a number of experimental results and proposed a new concept that there exists a wide range of metastable states in polymers on different length scales where their metastability is critically determined by the phase size and dimensionality. Metastable states are also observed in phase transformations that are kinetically impeded on the pathway to thermodynamic equilibrium. This was illustrated in structural and morphological investigations of crystallization and mesophase transitions, liquid-liquid phase separation, vitrification and gel formation, as well as combinations of these transformation processes. The phase behaviours in polymers are thus dominated by interlinks of metastable states on different length scales. This concept successfully explains many experimental observations and provides a new way to connect different aspects of polymer physics. * Written by a leading scholar and industry expert* Presents new and cutting edge material encouraging innovation and future research* Connects hot topics and leading research in one concise volume

A classical metastable state possesses a local free energy minimum at infinite sizes, but not a global one. This concept is phase size independent. We have studied a number of experimental results and proposed a new concept that there exists a wide range of metastable states in polymers on different length scales where their metastability is critically determined by the phase size and dimensionality. Metastable states are also observed in phase transformations that are kinetically impeded on the pathway to thermodynamic equilibrium. This was illustrated in structural and morphological investigations of crystallization and mesophase transitions, liquid-liquid phase separation, vitrification and gel formation, as well as combinations of these transformation processes. The phase behaviours in polymers are thus dominated by interlinks of metastable states on different length scales. This concept successfully explains many experimental observations and provides a new way to connect different aspects of polymer physics. * Written by a leading scholar and industry expert* Presents new and cutting edge material encouraging innovation and future research* Connects hot topics and leading research in one concise volume

A treatment of various kinds of limit theorems for stochastic processes defined as a result of random perturbations of dynamical systems. Apart from the long-time behaviour of the perturbed system, exit problems, metastable states, optimal stabilisation, and asymptotics of stationary distributions are considered in detail. The authors'main tools are the large deviation theory, the central limit theorem for stochastic processes, and the averaging principle. The results allow for explicit calculations of the asymptotics of many interesting characteristics of the perturbed system, and most of these results are closely connected with PDEs. This new edition contains expansions on the averaging principle, a new chapter on random perturbations of Hamiltonian systems, along with new results on fast oscillating perturbations of systems with conservation laws. New sections on wave front propagation in semilinear PDEs and on random perturbations of certain infinite-dimensional dynamical systems have been incorporated into the chapter on sharpenings and generalisations.

Xylem and phloem transport processes in trees are classical problems in plant physiology, but still somewhat weakly understood. The transport of water from the soil to the leaves is especially intriguing since it occurs under metastable conditions where water pressure has decreased below saturation vapour pressure. This often leads to the formation of gas bubbles (embolisms) and disruption of xylem transport. Embolisms have also been shown to refill with water, but mechanisms for refilling remain uncertain. In this book these plant physiological problems are addressed as purely physical processes. Also the osmotically driven translocation of sugars in the phloem is analysed with a whole tree level model. It is predicted that phloem transport is tightly coupled to xylem water potential and hindered by a rise in phloem viscosity when phloem sap becomes highly concentrated.

Professor Skripov obtained worldwide recognition with his monograph "Metastable liquids", published in English by Wiley & Sons. Based upon this work and another monograph published only in Russia, this book investigates the behavior of melting line and the properties of the coexisting crystal and liquid phase of simple substances across a wide range of pressures, including metastable states of the coexisting phases. The authors derive new relations for the thermodynamic similarity for liquid-vapour phase transition, as well as describing solid-liquid, liquid-vapor and liquid-liquid phase transitions for binary systems employing the novel methodology of thermodynamic similarity.

Xylem and phloem transport processes in trees are classical problems in plant physiology, but still somewhat weakly understood. The transport of water from the soil to the leaves is especially intriguing since it occurs under metastable conditions where water pressure has decreased below saturation vapour pressure. This often leads to the formation of gas bubbles (embolisms) and disruption of xylem transport. Embolisms have also been shown to refill with water, but mechanisms for refilling remain uncertain. In this book these plant physiological problems are addressed as purely physical processes. Also the osmotically driven translocation of sugars in the phloem is analysed with a whole tree level model. It is predicted that phloem transport is tightly coupled to xylem water potential and hindered by a rise in phloem viscosity when phloem sap becomes highly concentrated.

A treatment of various kinds of limit theorems for stochastic processes defined as a result of random perturbations of dynamical systems. Apart from the long-time behaviour of the perturbed system, exit problems, metastable states, optimal stabilisation, and asymptotics of stationary distributions are considered in detail. The authors'main tools are the large deviation theory, the central limit theorem for stochastic processes, and the averaging principle. The results allow for explicit calculations of the asymptotics of many interesting characteristics of the perturbed system, and most of these results are closely connected with PDEs. This new edition contains expansions on the averaging principle, a new chapter on random perturbations of Hamiltonian systems, along with new results on fast oscillating perturbations of systems with conservation laws. New sections on wave front propagation in semilinear PDEs and on random perturbations of certain infinite-dimensional dynamical systems have been incorporated into the chapter on sharpenings and generalisations.

Excerpt from The Metallography of Steel and Cast IronSummary 127 Introduction 128 Under what Circumstances and how do the Carbon and Iron Change from One State or Combination to Another? The Carbon-iron Equilibrium Diagram Each Ordinate Traces the Course of a Given Steel or Cast Iron The Stable and the Metastable Diagrams The Cementite-austenite or Metastable Diagram Other Illustrations of the Solidification and Genesis of the Various Constituents 170.About the PublisherForgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.comThis book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Professor Skripov obtained worldwide recognition with his monograph "Metastable liquids", published in English by Wiley & Sons. Based upon this work and another monograph published only in Russia, this book investigates the behavior of melting line and the properties of the coexisting crystal and liquid phase of simple substances across a wide range of pressures, including metastable states of the coexisting phases. The authors derive new relations for the thermodynamic similarity for liquid-vapour phase transition, as well as describing solid-liquid, liquid-vapor and liquid-liquid phase transitions for binary systems employing the novel methodology of thermodynamic similarity.