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Prior to the advent of modern structural engineering, architects and builders used proportional systems to imbue their works with a general condition of order that was integral to notions of beauty and structural stability. These mostly invisible intellectual frameworks ranged from simple grids and symbolic numbers, to sly manipulations of geometry and numbers that required privileged knowledge and arithmetical calculations to access. Since the origins of architectural history, proportional systems have served as objects of belief and modes of iconographical communication. Whether they are capable of fulfilling more tangible functions remains a matter of debate today, but as the contributors to this volume show, these ancient and diverse belief systems continue to infiltrate architectural thinking in subtle and sometimes surprising ways today.  

Causal uncertainty is a wide-spread phenomenon. Courts are often unable to determine whether a defendant´s tortious conduct was a factual cause of a plaintiff´s harm. Yet, sometimes courts can determine the probability that the defendant caused the plaintiff´s harm, although often there is considerable variance in the probability estimate based on the available evidence. The conventional way to cope with this uncertainty has been to apply the evidentiary rule of ´;standard of proof´. The application of this ´;all or nothing´ rule can lead to unfairness by absolving defendants who acted tortiously and may also create undesirable incentives that result in greater wrongful conduct and injustice to victims. Some courts have decided that this ´;no-liability´ outcome is undesirable. They have adopted rules of proportional liability that compensate plaintiffs according to the probability that their harm was caused by the defendant´s tortious conduct. In 2005 the Principles of European Tort Law (PETL) made a breakthrough in this regard by embracing rules of proportional liability. This project, building on PETL, endeavours to make further inquiries into the desirable scope of proportional liability and to offer a more detailed view of its meaning, implications, and ramifications.

Grades 6-9; 35 activities - 224 pages; Students use mirrors, shadows, toy cars, and even their own bodies to explore ratios, proportions, percents, scale, similarity, and linear functions. These activities provide a natural bridge to help students move from their numeric experiences in elementary school to developing algebraic concepts. Includes CD with printable student pages.

Causal uncertainty is a wide-spread phenomenon. Courts are often unable to determine whether a defendant´s tortious conduct was a factual cause of a plaintiff´s harm. Yet, sometimes courts can determine the probability that the defendant caused the plaintiff´s harm, although often there is considerable variance in the probability estimate based on the available evidence. The conventional way to cope with this uncertainty has been to apply the evidentiary rule of ´;standard of proof´. The application of this ´;all or nothing´ rule can lead to unfairness by absolving defendants who acted tortiously and may also create undesirable incentives that result in greater wrongful conduct and injustice to victims. Some courts have decided that this ´;no-liability´ outcome is undesirable. They have adopted rules of proportional liability that compensate plaintiffs according to the probability that their harm was caused by the defendant´s tortious conduct. In 2005 the Principles of European Tort Law (PETL) made a breakthrough in this regard by embracing rules of proportional liability. This project, building on PETL, endeavours to make further inquiries into the desirable scope of proportional liability and to offer a more detailed view of its meaning, implications, and ramifications.

Prior to the advent of modern structural engineering, architects and builders used proportional systems to imbue their works with a general condition of order that was integral to notions of beauty and structural stability. These mostly invisible intellectual frameworks ranged from simple grids and symbolic numbers, to sly manipulations of geometry and numbers that required privileged knowledge and arithmetical calculations to access. Since the origins of architectural history, proportional systems have served as objects of belief and modes of iconographical communication. Whether they are capable of fulfilling more tangible functions remains a matter of debate today, but as the contributors to this volume show, these ancient and diverse belief systems continue to infiltrate architectural thinking in subtle and sometimes surprising ways today.  

The CURT Spectrum trailer brake controller provides powerful brake operation while maintaining a clean, consistent OE look and feel on the dash of your vehicle. It is comprised of a main module that can be mounted out of sight and a separate user interface. This interface is a simple rotary knob with a push-button and ten tri-color LEDs to control and monitor all trailer brake activity. It also features a triple-axis accelerometer for highly responsive, smooth stops on any grade. Material: Plastic.

Works well. hard to find part.

Buyers Products Electric Trailer Brake Controllers provide reliable control for trailers with up to 4 axles equipped with electric brakes.5422003: A time-based controller applies braking power at a fixed rate, not proportional to the amount of pressure applied to the brake pedal. It's a reliable, cost-effective approach that makes it great for towing small and medium trailers with up to 2 axles (4 electric brakes) for items like ATVs, riding lawn mowers, or building materials5422004: Proportional braking corresponds to the amount of pressure your foot is putting on the brake pedal in your cab. The trailer's brakes will match any situation, from a gradual slowdown to a sudden stop. This feature results in smoother performance and reduced wear on the brakes making it ideal for heavier trailers with up to 4 axles (8 electric brakes) like items like dump trailers, construction equipment, or excavating machineryThe brake controller conveniently mounts inside the vehicle, and quickly connects to the vehicle's trailer wiring. An easy-to-adjust trim wheel lets you set the power level needed to brake and a slide switch lets you engage the trailer brakes brake whenever needed. Mounting bracket and hardware are included. Material: Metal.

One of the delights of life is the discovery and rediscovery of patterns of order and beauty in nature—the designs revealed by slicing through a head of cabbage or an orange, the forms of shells and butterfly wings. These images are awesome not just for their beauty alone, but because they suggest an order underlying their growth, a harmony existing in nature. What does it mean that such an order exists; how far does it extend? The Power of Limits was inspired by those simple discoveries of harmony. The author then went on to investigate and measure hundreds of patterns—ancient and modern, minute and vast. His discovery, vividly illustrated here, is that certain proportions occur over and over again in all these forms. Patterns are also repeated in how things grow and are made—by the dynamic union of opposites—as demonstrated by the spirals which move in opposite directions in the growth of a plant. The joining of unity and diversity in the discipline of proportional limitations creates forms that are beautiful to us because they embody the principles of the cosmic order of which we are a part; conversely, the limitlessness of that order is revealed by the strictness of its forms. The author shows how we, as humans, are included in the universal harmony of form, and suggests that the union of complementary opposites may be a way to extend that harmony to the psychological and social realms as well.

One of the delights of life is the discovery and rediscovery of patterns of order and beauty in nature—designs revealed by slicing through a head of cabbage or an orange, the forms of shells and butterfly wings. These images are awesome not just for their beauty alone, but because they suggest an order underlying their growth, a harmony existing in nature. What does it mean that such an order exists; how far does it extend? The Power of Limits was inspired by those simple discoveries of harmony. The author went on to investigate and measure hundreds of patterns—ancient and modern, minute and vast. His discovery, vividly illustrated here, is that certain proportions occur over and over again in all these forms. Patterns are also repeated in how things grow and are made—by the dynamic union of opposites—as demonstrated by the spirals that move in opposite directions in the growth of a plant. The joining of unity and diversity in the discipline of proportional limitations creates forms that are beautiful to us because they embody the principles of the cosmic order of which we are a part; conversely, the limitlessness of that order is revealed by the strictness of its forms. The author shows how we, as humans, are included in the universal harmony of form, and suggests that the union of complementary opposites may be a way to extend that harmony to the psychological and social realms as well.

Pages can have notes/highlighting. Spine may show signs of wear. ~ ThriftBooks: Read More, Spend Less 1.01

This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -This work provides a thorough overview of pricing non-proportional reinsurance treaties, focusing on both excess of loss per risk and cumulative catastrophe treaties, with a slight emphasis on the latter. Practical examples are given for each of the different methods, with step by step calculations, programming applications and the associated code using the language R. The paper summarizes the mathematical risk theory for each of the methods and explains thoroughly its relevance to the applied methods, thus striking the right balance between theory and applications. Topics covered include: experience rating (pure burning cost, indexed burning cost, triangulated burning cost), distribution methods (collective risk theory, modelling the number and severity of losses, stop-loss transform), exposure rating, exposure curves, MBBEFD, increased limits rating, extreme value theory, Pareto rating, the Peaks Over Thresholds method, Hill plots, choosing the appropriate threshold, return level plots, sensitivity of quantiles, the Panjer algorithm, detailed derivation and calculation of pure premiums of XL and Cat XL treaties, legal features, catastrophe models, payback method and loadings. 156 pp. Englisch

How do you refute the erroneous claim that all ratios are fractions? This book goes beyond a simple introduction to ratios, proportions, and proportional reasoning. It will help broaden and deepen your mathematical understanding of one of the most challenging topics for students and teachers to grasp. It will help you engage your students, anticipate their perplexities, help them avoid pitfalls, and dispel misconceptions. You will also learn to develop appropriate tasks, techniques, and tools for assessing your students understanding of the topic. Essential Understanding Series topics: Number and Numeration for Grades Pre-K 2 Addition and Subtraction for Grades Pre-K 2 Geometry for Grades Pre-K 2 Reasoning and Proof for Grades Pre-K 8 Multiplication and Division for Grades 3 5 Rational Numbers for Grades 3 5 Algebraic Ideas and Readiness for Grades 3 5 Geometric Shapes and Solids for Grades 3 5 Ratio, Proportion, and Proportionality for Grades 6 8 Expressions and Equations for Grades 6 8 Measurement for Grades 6 8 Data Analysis and Statistics for Grades 6 8 Function for Grades 9 12 Geometric Relationships for Grades 9 12 Reasoning and Proof for Grades 9 12 Statistics for Grades 9 12

 In this book, a leading scholar of comparative politics explores elections as instruments of democracy. Focusing on elections in twenty democracies over the past quarter century, G. Bingham Powell, Jr., examines the differences between two great visions of democracy―the majoritarian vision, in which citizens use the election process to choose decisively between two competing teams of policymakers, providing the winner with the concentrated power to make public policy; and the proportional influence vision, in which citizens use elections to choose political agents to represent their views in postelection bargaining, thereby dispersing power. Powell asks crucial questions for modern democracies: Which vision best serves as an instrument of democracy? What are the reasons and conditions under which each vision succeeds or fails? Careful analyses of more than 150 democratic elections show that each vision succeeds fairly well on its own terms in responsively linking election outcomes to policymaker selection, although advantages and limitations must be traded off. However, Powell concludes, the proportional influence vision and its designs enjoy a clear advantage in creating policy congruence between citizens and their policymakers―a finding that should give pause to those who are attracted to the idea of the decisive election as a direct tool for citizen control.

In this superb atlas, the distinguished authors offer the "proportional grid system" of brain imaging. This unique process makes it possible to localize neuroanatomic structures not visible with traditional radiologic methods. Unlike the classic method of spatial reading, which is valid only with the particular brain under consideration, the proportional grid creates a frame of reference applicable to all brains being examined. This is especially beneficial for clinical studies, electroencephalographic investigations, and statistical computations.Special features of the book include:A full, three-dimensional atlas of the human brainA series of anatomic sections done for the frontal, horizontal, and sagittal planesPractical examples for use in neuroradiologic examinations and basal lines forming a frame of reference that defines orientation and spatial position of structures within the cerebral mass.This stereotaxic process is designed to maximize accuracy, reliability, and safety. The information in this valuable atlas is essential for all radiologists, neurologists, neurosurgeons, and all specialists involved in the neurosciences. Use this practical mapping tool for understanding the pathologic processes of the human brain.

In this superb atlas, the distinguished authors offer the "proportional grid system" of brain imaging. This unique process makes it possible to localize neuroanatomic structures not visible with traditional radiologic methods. Unlike the classic method of spatial reading, which is valid only with the particular brain under consideration, the proportional grid creates a frame of reference applicable to all brains being examined. This is especially beneficial for clinical studies, electroencephalographic investigations, and statistical computations.Special features of the book include:A full, three-dimensional atlas of the human brainA series of anatomic sections done for the frontal, horizontal, and sagittal planesPractical examples for use in neuroradiologic examinations and basal lines forming a frame of reference that defines orientation and spatial position of structures within the cerebral mass.This stereotaxic process is designed to maximize accuracy, reliability, and safety. The information in this valuable atlas is essential for all radiologists, neurologists, neurosurgeons, and all specialists involved in the neurosciences. Use this practical mapping tool for understanding the pathologic processes of the human brain.

Elevate your style with these PT Torino suit trousers for men. Crafted with precision and innovation, these trousers are made from a stretch twill fabric for ultimate comfort. The slim fit and proportional length make them a perfect choice for any occasion.

Set of 26 blocks in assorted shapes and sizes are perfect for building houses, castles, towers, and more. Blocks are made of sustainably harvested rubberwood and finished in four rich, attractive earth tones. Block sizes range from 2.75" cube to 5" long rectangular block and are mathematically proportional so blocks fit together easily. Great for at-home or classroom use. Recommended for children ages 3 years and older. CREATIVE CONSTRUCTION SET: With this block set, kids can build an array of imaginative structures - houses, towers, castles, and more. Great for stacking and sorting by size, shape, or color. Helps develop creative thinking and problem solving skills; SQUARES, CYLINDERS, AND MORE: Set includes large (2.75") solid cube; rectangular, triangular, and circular blocks; plus cylinders in three heights. Largest block is 5" x 1.375." Blocks are mathematically proportional, so they fit together perfectly for satisfying building experiences; RIGHT SIZE, RIGHT QUANTITY: Chunky sizes are small enough to build on a table top or desk, but solid enough for floor constructions. Set has plenty of pieces for building at home and just enough for classroom use too!; SOLID WOOD, RENEWABLY SOURCED: Sustainably sourced rubberwood is harvested after rubber trees reach the end of their productive life and are felled. Rubberwood is a durable hardwood resistant to fungus, bacteria, and mold; the unique straight dense grain is exceptionally uniform and attractive; COMPANION BUILDING SET: Add the sustainably harvested rubberwood Arch Blocks STEM Construction Set (ARCHSET) for even more creative building fun!; block blocks block play block set STEM STEAM STEM toys early STEM build building construct construction stack stacking blocks for preschoolers STEM for preschoolers wood rubberwood wooden natural natural tones earth tones wooden blocks wood blocks renewable wood blocks environmentally friendly sustainable sustainably sourced fine motor

A pair you'll get endless wears out of. In a boot cut fit, it hugs you from the hips to knee and flares out at the calf for a proportional effect. Featuring a richly saturated and even throughout dark wash with a silver button and rivets, this style is a sophisticated addition to your denim collection.  95% Cotton / 4% Elasterell / 1% SpandexImported