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Designed specifically for guided independent study. Features a wealth of worked examples and exercises, many with full teaching solutions, that encourage active participation in the development of the material. It focuses on core material and provides a solid foundation for further study.

This book makes a stimulating contribution to the philosophy of language and philosophy of mind. It begins with a spirited defense of the view that propositions are structured and that propositional structure is "psychologically real." The author then develops a subtle view of propositions and attitude ascription. The view is worked out in detail with attention to such topics as the semantics of conversations, iterated attitude ascriptions, and the role of propositions as bearers of truth. Along the way important issues in the philosophy of mind are addressed.

Designed specifically for guided independent study. Features a wealth of worked examples and exercises, many with full teaching solutions, that encourage active participation in the development of the material. It focuses on core material and provides a solid foundation for further study.

Designed to make logic interesting and accessible-without sacrificing content or rigor-this classic introduction to contemporary propositional logic explains the symbolization of English sentences and develops formal-proof, truth-table, and truth-tree techniques for evaluating arguments. An accompanying computer tutorial program, PropLogic, is available on CD-ROM in two versions: one version can be installed and run off a hard drive; one (identical) "portable" version can be run off the CD-ROM itself (allowing students/instructors flexibility on when/where they use the program). An appendix in the text describes program details. Tutors readers on formula construction, symbolization, formal proofs, full and brief truth tables, and truth trees. Also provides additional practice exercises. Content organized around natural-deduction formal-proof procedures, truth tables, and truth trees. Gradual presentation of logical statement connectives. Shows students how to symbolize sentences containing the connective and how to use proof rules involving that connective before introducing additional connectives. Examples of actual arguments similar to those readers encounter, and to which they can readily relate. Draws examples and exercises from newspapers, magazines, television, books, textbooks, term papers, posters, comic strips, television programs, films, records, and conversations. Increases students' awareness of the arguments they read and hear every day. Extensive exercise sets throughout provide solutions to about one-quarter of the exercises (in an appendix). Provides ample opportunities for assignments and practice.

Designed to make logic interesting and accessible—without sacrificing content or rigor—this classic introduction to contemporary propositional logic explains the symbolization of English sentences and develops formal-proof, truth-table, and truth-tree techniques for evaluating arguments. An accompanying computer tutorial program, PropLogic, is available on CD-ROM in two versions: one version can be installed and run off a hard drive; one (identical) “portable” version can be run off the CD-ROM itself (allowing students/instructors flexibility on when/where they use the program). An appendix in the text describes program details. Tutors readers on formula construction, symbolization, formal proofs, full and brief truth tables, and truth trees. Also provides additional practice exercises. Content organized around natural-deduction formal-proof procedures, truth tables, and truth trees. Gradual presentation of logical statement connectives. Shows students how to symbolize sentences containing the connective and how to use proof rules involving that connective before introducing additional connectives. Examples of actual arguments similar to those readers encounter, and to which they can readily relate. Draws examples and exercises from newspapers, magazines, television, books, textbooks, term papers, posters, comic strips, television programs, films, records, and conversations. Increases students' awareness of the arguments they read and hear every day. Extensive exercise sets throughout provide solutions to about one-quarter of the exercises (in an appendix). Provides ample opportunities for assignments and practice.

A fun yet challenging introduction to propositional logic, treating the symbolization of English sentences and developing formal-proof, truth-table, and truth-tree techniques for evaluating arguments. Material is organized around natural-deduction formal-proof procedures. Logic is applied to content commonly encountered by undergraduate students, with examples and exercises drawn from comics, newspaper articles, television, and textbooks. Each logical connective is the subject of one chapter, allowing students to master both symbolization and proof moves before tackling the next connective. This third edition contains new exercises and examples, a chapter on truth trees, and an appendix on metatheory. In this edition, derived rules are presented in two stages to facilitate learning. Annotation c. by Book News, Inc., Portland, Or.

The settlement of Aguateca, Guatemala, rapidly abandoned at the end of the Classic period (ca. AD 810), provides archaeological insight into the political, social, and economic lifestyle of Maya elite.  Located at the southern end of the Petexabatun region, Aguateca is unique amoung Classic Maya sites, primarily as a result of its Pompeii-like level of preservation.Accompanied by clear and impressive illustrations, Burned Palaces and Elite Residences of Aguateca provides a summary of the meticulously documented excavations.  While most ceramic reports in the Maya area focus on descriptions of types or classes of ceramics, the work of Takeshi Inomata and Daniela Triadan details the unique attributes and contexts of each vessel, leading to further understanding of life and social relations among the MayaBurned Palaces and Elite Residences of Aguateca advances Maya archaeology by documenting the function of multiroomed masonry buildings and providing vivid models of daily life of the Classic Maya elite.  This volume, one of a three-volume series, is the definitive report on Aguateca.

This book presents an up-to-date, unified treatment of research in bounded arithmetic and complexity of propositional logic with emphasis on independence proofs and lower bound proofs. The author discusses the deep connections between logic and complexity theory and lists a number of intriguing open problems. An introduction to the basics of logic and complexity is followed by discussion of important results in propositional proof systems and systems of bounded arithmetic. Then more advanced topics are treated, including polynomial simulations and conservativity results, various witnessing theorems, the translation of bounded formulas (and their proofs) into propositional ones, the method of random partial restrictions and its applications, simple independence proofs, complete systems of partial relations, lower bounds to the size of constant-depth propositional proofs, the approximation method and the method of Boolean valuations, combinatorics and complexity theory within bounded arithmetic, and relations to complexity issues of predicate calculus. Students and researchers in mathematical logic and complexity theory will find his comprehensive treatment an excellent guide to this expanding interdisciplinary area.

This volume is a compilation of revised versions of papers presented at a conference held in spring 1994 at the Centre for Interdisciplinary Research (ZiF) in Bielefeld, Germany.

This volume is a compilation of revised versions of papers presented at a conference held in spring 1994 at the Centre for Interdisciplinary Research (ZiF) in Bielefeld, Germany.

This new edition of the author's well-received Propositional Logics presents the history, philosophy, and mathematics of its subject. Individual chapters are devoted to classical logic, modal logics, many-valued logics, intuitionism, paraconsistent logics, and analytic implication. Each chapter begins with a motivation in the originator's own terms, followed by the standard formal semantics and syntax, and completeness theorems. The chapters on the various logics are largely self-contained so that the book can be used as a reference. An appendix summarizes the formal semantics and axiomatizations. This is the first book to unify many different logics within a common spectrum of semantic analysis: as the aspect of propositions under consideration varies, the logic varies. Translations between logics are analyzed--also for the first time-- along with necessary conditions for preserving meaning. In addition to logicians and philosophers, the book will interest computer scientists and linguists due to its clear explication of the relationship between mathematical semantics, formal languages, and natural languages, along with the flexible, simple methods of modeling reasoning provided by the general framework. This second edition includes worked examples and hundreds of new exercises, from routine to open problems, making it ideal for use in courses or for individual study.

A fun yet challenging introduction to propositional logic, treating the symbolization of English sentences and developing formal-proof, truth-table, and truth-tree techniques for evaluating arguments. Material is organized around natural-deduction formal-proof procedures. Logic is applied to content commonly encountered by undergraduate students, with examples and exercises drawn from comics, newspaper articles, television, and textbooks. Each logical connective is the subject of one chapter, allowing students to master both symbolization and proof moves before tackling the next connective. This third edition contains new exercises and examples, a chapter on truth trees, and an appendix on metatheory. In this edition, derived rules are presented in two stages to facilitate learning. Annotation c. by Book News, Inc., Portland, Or.

This book presents an up-to-date, unified treatment of research in bounded arithmetic and complexity of propositional logic with emphasis on independence proofs and lower bound proofs. The author discusses the deep connections between logic and complexity theory and lists a number of intriguing open problems. An introduction to the basics of logic and complexity is followed by discussion of important results in propositional proof systems and systems of bounded arithmetic. Then more advanced topics are treated, including polynomial simulations and conservativity results, various witnessing theorems, the translation of bounded formulas (and their proofs) into propositional ones, the method of random partial restrictions and its applications, simple independence proofs, complete systems of partial relations, lower bounds to the size of constant-depth propositional proofs, the approximation method and the method of Boolean valuations, combinatorics and complexity theory within bounded arithmetic, and relations to complexity issues of predicate calculus. Students and researchers in mathematical logic and complexity theory will find his comprehensive treatment an excellent guide to this expanding interdisciplinary area.

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This book contains scores of intriguing puzzles and paradoxes from Lewis Carroll, the author of Alice in Wonderland, whose interests ranged from inventing new games like Arithmetical Croquet to important problems in symbolic logic and propositional calculus. Written by Carroll expert and well-known mathematics author Martin Gardner, this tour through Carroll's inventions is both fun and informative.

Logic: The Basics is an accessible introduction to several core areas of logic. The first part of the book features a self-contained introduction to the standard topics in classical logic, such as: · mathematical preliminaries · propositional logic · quantified logic (first monadic, then polyadic) · English and standard ‘symbolic translations’ · tableau procedures. Alongside comprehensive coverage of the standard topics, this thoroughly revised second edition also introduces several philosophically important nonclassical logics, free logics, and modal logics, and gives the reader an idea of how they can take their knowledge further. With its wealth of exercises (solutions available in the encyclopedic online supplement), Logic: The Basics is a useful textbook for courses ranging from the introductory level to the early graduate level, and also as a reference for students and researchers in philosophical logic.

This comprehensive introduction to symbolic logic covers informal logic and the syntax, semantics and metatheory of not only the classical propositional and predicate logics, but also for a number of extensions of classical logic and non-standard logics. It is the first textbook of this kind to provide substantive treatment of more recent developments in logic.

This book introduces a new approach to building models of bounded arithmetic, with techniques drawn from recent results in computational complexity. Propositional proof systems and bounded arithmetics are closely related. In particular, proving lower bounds on the lengths of proofs in propositional proof systems is equivalent to constructing certain extensions of models of bounded arithmetic. This offers a clean and coherent framework for thinking about lower bounds for proof lengths, and it has proved quite successful in the past. This book outlines a brand new method for constructing models of bounded arithmetic, thus for proving independence results and establishing lower bounds for proof lengths. The models are built from random variables defined on a sample space which is a non-standard finite set and sampled by functions of some restricted computational complexity. It will appeal to anyone interested in logical approaches to fundamental problems in complexity theory.

"Proof" has been and remains one of the concepts which characterises mathematics. Covering basic propositional and predicate logic as well as discussing axiom systems and formal proofs, the book seeks to explain what mathematicians understand by proofs and how they are communicated. The authors explore the principle techniques of direct and indirect proof including induction, existence and uniqueness proofs, proof by contradiction, constructive and non-constructive proofs, etc. Many examples from analysis and modern algebra are included. The exceptionally clear style and presentation ensures that the book will be useful and enjoyable to those studying and interested in the notion of mathematical "proof."