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During the fourteenth century, there was a general demoralization in the Jewish community in Spain. Many Jews were on the brink of conversion. Rabbi Crescas met the Christian challenge by writing this pithy book refuting the principles of the Christian religion. He argued that the basic Christian doctrines, namely, original sin, salvation, trinity, incarnation, virgin birth, transubstantiation, baptism, the messiah, a new covenant, and demons, contradict human reason, thereby calling into question Christianity’s claim to be a true religion. The Refutation is an important document of the medieval Jewish-Christian debate and is also especially important for the history of Jewish philosophy in general.

A reliable, readable translation for scholars and students The Refutation of All Heresies (ca. 225 CE) is a treasure-trove of ancient philosophy, astrology, medicine, magic, Gnostic thought, numerology, heresiography, ecclesial politics, and early Christian studies in general. Offered here for the first time in almost a century is a full English translation, along with a newly-edited Greek text, extensive notes, and a thorough introduction. Features: A full English translation with extensive notes Newly edited Greek text that avoids the pitfalls of the most recent edition A thorough-going introduction that addresses the questions of authorship, date, and audience, as well as the purpose of the book, its organization, method, and importance for Gnostic studies

Hippolytus of Rome (170 – 235 AD) was the most important 3rd-century theologian in the Christian Church in Rome, where he was probably born. Photios I of Constantinople describes him in his Bibliotheca as a disciple of Irenaeus, who was said to be a disciple of Polycarp, and from the context of this passage it is supposed that he suggested that Hippolytus so styled himself. However, this assertion is doubtful. He came into conflict with the popes of his time and seems to have headed a schismatic group as a rival Bishop of Rome. For that reason he is sometimes considered the first antipope. He opposed the Roman bishops who softened the penitential system to accommodate the large number of new pagan converts. However, he was very probably reconciled to the Church when he died as a martyr. The Refutation of All Heresies, also called the Elenchus or Philosophumena, is a compendious Christian polemical work of the early third century, now generally attributed to Hippolytus of Rome. It catalogues both pagan beliefs and 33 gnostic Christian systems deemed heretical, making it a major source of information on contemporary opponents of Catholic orthodoxy. Enjoy this classic work! Produced by Beloved Publishing

A reliable, readable translation for scholars and students The Refutation of All Heresies (ca. 225 CE) is a treasure-trove of ancient philosophy, astrology, medicine, magic, Gnostic thought, numerology, heresiography, ecclesial politics, and early Christian studies in general. Offered here for the first time in almost a century is a full English translation, along with a newly-edited Greek text, extensive notes, and a thorough introduction. Features: A full English translation with extensive notes Newly edited Greek text that avoids the pitfalls of the most recent edition A thorough-going introduction that addresses the questions of authorship, date, and audience, as well as the purpose of the book, its organization, method, and importance for Gnostic studies

The way in which knowledge progresses, and especially our scientific knowledge, is by unjustified (and unjustifiable) anticipations, by guesses, by tentative solutions to our problems, by conjectures. These conjectures are controlled by criticism: that is, by attempted refutations, which include severely critical tests. They may survive these tests; but they can never be positively justified: they can neither be established as certainly true nor even as 'probable' (in the sense of the probability calculus). Criticism of our conjectures is of decisive importance: by bringing out our mistakes it makes us understand the difficulties of the problems which we try to solve. This is how we become better acquainted with our problem, and able to propose more mature solutions: the very refutation of a theory - that is, of a tentative solution to our problem - is always a step forward that takes us nearer the truth. And this is how we can learn from our mistakes. As we learn from our mistakes our knowledge grows, even though we may never know - that is, know for certain. Since our knowledge can grow, there can be no reason here for despair of reason. And since we can never know for certain, the can be no authority here for any claim to authority, for conceit over our knowledge, or for smugness.The essays and lectures of which this book is composed apply this thesis to many topics, ranging from problems of the philosophy and history of the physical and social sciences to historical and political problems.

The way in which knowledge progresses, and especially our scientific knowledge, is by unjustified (and unjustifiable) anticipations, by guesses, by tentative solutions to our problems, by conjectures. These conjectures are controlled by criticism: that is, by attempted refutations, which include severely critical tests. They may survive these tests; but they can never be positively justified: they can neither be established as certainly true nor even as 'probable' (in the sense of the probability calculus). Criticism of our conjectures is of decisive importance: by bringing out our mistakes it makes us understand the difficulties of the problems which we try to solve. This is how we become better acquainted with our problem, and able to propose more mature solutions: the very refutation of a theory - that is, of a tentative solution to our problem - is always a step forward that takes us nearer the truth. And this is how we can learn from our mistakes. As we learn from our mistakes our knowledge grows, even though we may never know - that is, know for certain. Since our knowledge can grow, there can be no reason here for despair of reason. And since we can never know for certain, the can be no authority here for any claim to authority, for conceit over our knowledge, or for smugness.The essays and lectures of which this book is composed apply this thesis to many topics, ranging from problems of the philosophy and history of the physical and social sciences to historical and political problems.

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Aristotle, great Greek philosopher, researcher, reasoner, and writer, born at Stagirus in 384 BCE, was the son of Nicomachus, a physician, and Phaestis. He studied under Plato at Athens and taught there (367–47); subsequently he spent three years at the court of a former pupil, Hermeias, in Asia Minor and at this time married Pythias, one of Hermeias’s relations. After some time at Mitylene, in 343–2 he was appointed by King Philip of Macedon to be tutor of his teen-aged son Alexander. After Philip’s death in 336, Aristotle became head of his own school (of “Peripatetics”), the Lyceum at Athens. Because of anti-Macedonian feeling there after Alexander’s death in 323, he withdrew to Chalcis in Euboea, where he died in 322.Nearly all the works Aristotle prepared for publication are lost; the priceless ones extant are lecture-materials, notes, and memoranda (some are spurious). They can be categorized as follows:I. Practical: Nicomachean Ethics; Great Ethics (Magna Moralia); Eudemian Ethics; Politics; Oeconomica (on the good of the family); Virtues and Vices.II. Logical: Categories; On Interpretation; Analytics (Prior and Posterior); On Sophistical Refutations; Topica.III. Physical: Twenty-six works (some suspect) including astronomy, generation and destruction, the senses, memory, sleep, dreams, life, facts about animals, etc.IV. Metaphysics: on being as being.V. On Art: Art of Rhetoric and Poetics.VI. Other works including the Athenian Constitution; more works also of doubtful authorship.VII. Fragments of various works such as dialogues on philosophy and literature; and of treatises on rhetoric, politics and metaphysics.The Loeb Classical Library® edition of Aristotle is in twenty-three volumes.

Argues that "new atheism" is based on an unfounded "mechanical" view of the world and the "teleological" vision of the ancient philosophers is rationally vindicated.

Book by Frederick II, King of Prussia

Casebound Hardcover. VG 137 pp.

Unread book in perfect condition.

Item in good condition. Textbooks may not include supplemental items i.e. CDs, access codes etc.

Proofs and Refutations is essential reading for all those interested in the methodology, the philosophy and the history of mathematics. Much of the book takes the form of a discussion between a teacher and his students. They propose various solutions to some mathematical problems and investigate the strengths and weaknesses of these solutions. Their discussion (which mirrors certain real developments in the history of mathematics) raises some philosophical problems and some problems about the nature of mathematical discovery or creativity. Imre Lakatos is concerned throughout to combat the classical picture of mathematical development as a steady accumulation of established truths. He shows that mathematics grows instead through a richer, more dramatic process of the successive improvement of creative hypotheses by attempts to 'prove' them and by criticism of these attempts: the logic of proofs and refutations.

Introduction, édition du texte grec, traduction et commentaire par Myriam Hecquet. L'interprétation des Réfutations Sophistiques reposait depuis prés d'un siècle sur l'édition de Ross qui n'avait ni relu les manuscrits les plus anciens : l'Urbinas gr. 35 (A, du Xe s.) et le Marcianus gr. 201 (B, a. 954), ni utilisé le Vaticanus Barberinianus gr. 87 (V, du Xe s.) et les fragments du Parisinus suppl. gr. 1362 (F, du IXe s.). L'édition de Myriam Hecquet repose sur de nouvelles collations de ces témoins directs. Elle ajoute le témoignage des traductions arabes de Qadim ibn Nâ'ima (IXe s.), Yahyâ ibn 'Adî (Xe s.) et 'Isà ibn Zur'a (Xe s.) d'après l'examen ponctuel que Michel Crubellier a fait du Parisinus ar. 2346. Elle retient généralement le texte des manuscrits A et B, moins corrompus, plutôt que les corrections savantes trouvées dans les autres manuscrits ou proposées par les éditeurs et interprètes. Sa traduction élucide des passages restés jusque là incompris. Un appareil de notes explicatives très développées rend compte de la complexité du texte et en facilite la lecture. Dans l'introduction, l'auteur revient sur la genèse du traité et la cohérence de l'analyse aristotélicienne, propose une explication inédite du fonctionnement de la dialectique peirastique (comment n'importe qui peut-il mettre à l'épreuve le savoir revendiqué par son interlocuteur ? ) et reconsidère l'objet du traité et la relation aux Topiques. En grec et en français, Histoire des doctrines de l'antiquité classique 375 pages 16 x 24

Shipped from UK, please allow 10 to 21 business days for arrival. The growth of Scientific Knowledge. Contents clean & firm. Front covers curl at corners.

Conjectures and Refutations is one of Karl Popper's most wide-ranging and popular works, notable not only for its acute insight into the way scientific knowledge grows, but also for applying those insights to politics and to history. It provides one of the clearest and most accessible statements of the fundamental idea that guided his work: not only our knowledge, but our aims and our standards, grow through an unending process of trial and error.

Have you been looking for a composition program that incorporates the classical approach? Well, we've got something even better: Memoria Press' new Classical Composition program, written by James Selby, doesn't just incorporate the classical approach, it is the classical approach. Going back to the method of writing instruction used for over 2,000 years, Classical Composition teaches the student 14 composition skills, called the progymnasmata, a set of elementary rhetorical exercises that formed the basis of persuasive writing. This approach was used to teach writing by Quintilian and Cicero, and produced writers such as Milton, Shakespeare, and Benjamin Franklin.

This book serves to correct the now accepted understanding of Irenaeus s theodicy. This assumption of Hick s theodicy as legitimately Irenaean remains due the gulf between Irenaean scholarship and discussion of the problem of evil. The present work offers a bridge between the two to allow for the continued discussion of both theologian s distinct views.

This volume deals with books II and III of the On the Doctrines of Hippocrates and Plato by the medical scientist and philosopher Galen of Pergamum (129-c. 210 CE ). In these books Galen offers an extensive critique of Stoic psychology, quoting a large number of passages from the otherwise lost treatise On the Soul by the great Stoic philosopher Chrysippus.This first full-scale study of Chrysippus' mode of argumentation considers the fragments both in their Galenic context and in relation to Stoicism in general.A separate discussion is devoted to Galen's aims and methods and the traditions he is indebted to. Though designed as a foil for the treatment of Chrysippus, it can also be read by those interested in Galen's methodology for its own sake.