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Social history at its best. Whether you're from Anaconda, Montana or Timbuktu, you'll want to read this engrossing story. It is local history with a universal flair. From the perspective of a small smelter town in the west, it projects a broad historical chronicle of America during the closing decades of the nineteenth century and the first two decades of the twentieth century. Its description, in comprehensive detail, of the founding and growth of this town in Montana's Deer Lodge Valley brings to life the social, political, ethnic and religious issues of the age. It has at once local color and broad historical sweep, very skillfully weaving the town's growth with the national and international events which influenced it. It not only provides an engaging tale of the town's early history, but fills a real need for those wanting a detailed look at environmental issues, turn of the century industrial development and the labor movement in the western United States.

Everyone needs a good pair of boxer briefs in their rotation. These stretchy boxers from Ethika are done in the brand's original staple fit and provide ample support and comfort.Original staple fitAllover print designElastic waistband with "Ethika" letteringContoured pouchStretch-polyester blend for comfort

Everyone needs a good pair of boxer briefs in their rotation. These stretchy boxers from Ethika are done in the brand's original staple fit and provide ample support and comfort.Original staple fitAllover print designElastic waistband with "Ethika" letteringContoured pouchStretch-polyester blend for comfort

Everyone needs a good pair of boxer briefs in their rotation. These stretchy boxers from Ethika are done in the brand's original staple fit and provide ample support and comfort.Original staple fitAllover print designElastic waistband with "Ethika" letteringContoured pouchStretch-polyester blend for comfort

Everyone needs a good pair of boxer briefs in their rotation. These stretchy boxers from Ethika are done in the brand's original staple fit and provide ample support and comfort.Original staple fitAllover print designElastic waistband with "Ethika" letteringContoured pouchStretch-polyester blend for comfort

Everyone needs a good pair of boxer briefs in their rotation. These stretchy boxers from Ethika are done in the brand's original staple fit and provide ample support and comfort.Original staple fitAllover print designElastic waistband with "Ethika" letteringContoured pouchStretch-polyester blend for comfort

Everyone needs a good pair of boxer briefs in their rotation. These stretchy boxers from Ethika are done in the brand's original staple fit and provide ample support and comfort.Original staple fitAllover print designElastic waistband with "Ethika" letteringContoured pouchStretch-polyester blend for comfort

VEVOR 1350W Gold Melting Furnace, Electric Digital Smelting Furnace, 2102℉/1150℃ Electric Melting Furnace with 1kg and 3 kg Graphite Crucibles for Melting Gold, Silver, Aluminum, CopperUpgraded High-Quality Electric Melting FurnacePrecision Temperature ControlFast MeltingUser-Friendly DesignVersatile ApplicationsEasy OperationFurnace Body:,Maximum Power: 1350W,Main Materials: Steel + Quartz + Graphite,Inner Insulation Layer Thickness: 1.57''/40mm,Time to Reach Max Temp from Room Temp (with Crucible): 25 minutes,Item Model Number: GF1150ND1-3KG(US), GF1150ND2-3KG(EU),Maximum Furnace Temperature: 2102°F/1150°C,Product Weight: 21.16 lbs / 9.6 kg,Inner Diameter Φ3.15''/80mm, Depth 5.91''/150mm:,Product Dimensions: 13.39x9.84x14.96inch/340x250x380 mm,Outer Diameter Φ6.93''/176mm, Total Height 7.09''/180mm:

VEVOR Electric Melting Furnace: Easily Refine and Recast Old Jewelry.VEVOR Electric Melting Furnace is crafted from high-quality materials to ensure safety, stability, and no spills. The intelligent PID digital control system monitors and adjusts the actual temperature accurately. With 1350W of power, it quickly heats through electromagnetic induction. Optimized heating elements and insulation materials enhance heating efficiency, melting metals with a melting point below 1150°C in 40-55 minutes. Ideal for DIY gold bars, commemorative coins, or jewelry making, suitable for professionals or home use. Material: Steel.

VEVOR 6KG Propane Smelting Furnace Kit Melting Furnace Stainless Steel 2700℉6KG Graphite CrucibleConvenient Cover & HandleReinforced JointEquipped with a single burner and an 30 psi regulator, this propane maximizes heat efficiency.The key accessories of the metal casting kit are pre-installed for immediate use.Our smelter furnace works well on copper, aluminum, gold, silver, and other scrap metal.Highest Temperature: 2700℉/ 1482℃,Insulation Cotton Thickness: 1.2 inch/ 30 mm,Top Hole Diameter: 3.3 inch/ 85 mm,Crucible Capacity: 13.2 lbs/ 6 kg,Burner Size: 1 x 9.5 inch/ 25 x 240 mm,Crucible Size: 5 x 6 inch/ 124 x 152 mm,Body Material: Stainless Steel,Model: JHRJD06KG01A,Product Weight: 19.4 lbs/ 8.8 kg,Wall Thickness: 0.05 inch/ 1.4 mm,Furnace Size: 8.7 x 11.8 inch/ 220 x 300 mm,Tong Size: 17.3 inch/ 440 mm,Crucible Material: Graphite,Maximum Pressure: 30PSI

VEVOR High Purity Graphite Crucible, 3 kg Graphite Furnace, Double Ring Graphite Crucible for Melting Metal Gold Silver Copper Aluminum, Smelting Furnace Metal Graphite Jewelry Casting Tools99.9% Pure GraphiteRapid HeatingGreat ThermostabilityEasy to UseStable PerformanceVersatile UsageGross Weight: 1.36 kg (3 lbs),Inner Diameter: 50 mm (1.97 inch),Bottom Diameter: 60 mm (2.36 inch),Material: Graphite,Maximum Operating Temperature: 1300℃,Height: 170 mm (6.69 inch),Top Diameter: 75 mm (2.95 inch),Package Size: 9.5 x 9.5 x 19 cm (3.74 x 3.74 x 7.48 inch),Product Size: 75 x 170 mm (2.95 x 6.69 inch)

VEVOR Propane Melting Furnace Kit 8KG/18lbs with Crucible Tongs Metal SmeltingFaster and More StableEnhanced MaterialsThickened Refractory BlanketSecure and ReliableWide ApplicationStandard Threaded Propane Hose ConnectionRegulator Valve Thread Specification: 0.885"-14 NGO LH INT,Furnace Body Material: 201 Stainless Steel Plate,Number of Burners: 1,Net Weight (including all accessories): 19.8 lbs / 9 kg,Item Model Number: JH8KGA,Maximum Temperature Inside Furnace: 2500°F / 1370°C

A collection of 35 largely technical lectures from the Sandbjerg Conference held in 1999, examine metallurgical evidence from Scandinavia and Northern Europe as well as reporting on developments in scientific analytical techniques. Divided into five sections, papers discuss particular types of iron production and settlement; regional studies; metallographic investigations of artefacts and sites; metallographic regional studies; Geophysical prospecting and archaeomagnetic dating. The majority of articles relate to Scandinavia but there are reports on iron-smelting and specific finds and sites in Italy, Germany, England, Greece, France, Ukraine and Wales.

This edition of the "Machinery's Reference Series" deals with iron and steel, exploring how they are smelted, refined, and used in various mechanical processes of the iron and steel industry. It also contains chapters on the physical and chemical characteristics of these metals, and which tools they are best used to make based on this. Erik Oberg's "Iron and Steel" is perfect for novices or apprentices, and would make a handy reference guide for more experienced metalworkers. Contents include: "Principles of Iron and Steel Manufacture," "Steel Castings," "Open-hearth Furnaces," "Tests on Steel Castings," "Steel Hardened Metals," "Development and Use of High-speed Steel," "Hardening Steel, by E. R. Markham," "Case-Hardening," "The Brinell Method of Testing the Hardness of Metals," "Uses of Steel Castings," "Reliability of Steel Castings," "Manganese Steel," "Nickel Steel," "Tungsten Steel," "Molybdenum," etc. This book contains simple explanations and step-by-step instructions for any processes dealt with, making it ideal for novices or apprentices, as well as a handy reference guide for more experienced metalworkers using steel or iron. Many vintage books such as this are increasingly scarce and expensive. It is with this in mind that we are republishing this volume now in an affordable, modern, high-quality edition complete with a specially-commissioned new introduction on metalwork.

For over 100 years iron was "king" in the Valley of Virginia. Millions of dollars were invested and thousands of workers toiled in the vast enterprise of smelting iron. But by 1929 it was all over; the last of Virginia's blast furnaces had closed. How did it all begin and what were the forces which enabled the rise and caused the subsequent fall of the iron industry? This 357 page history of four Virginia counties, Alleghany, Augusta, Botetourt and Rockbridge, details the advent of the early bloomery forges, then the cold-blast charcoal furnaces and finally the large hot-blast coke furnaces which transitioned Virginia through its iron age. Transportation and mining techniques are described. Fifty seven furnaces and over 125 mines are listed and detailed. Over 150 photos, documents and maps illustrate this story. Virginia's iron age is over but its history should never be forgotten.

Most people know of the rich Civil War history of the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia but few know that the Valley was also rich in iron smelting history. The first furnace west of the Blue Ridge Mountains was built in this region. For over 144 years the area produced iron ore and smelted ore into pig iron. The region's iron history covered the eras of the bloomery forge, charcoal cold-blast furnace and finally hot-blast coke furnace. "Shenandoah Iron" includes the transporting, mining and smelting activities of this industrial enterprise and explains in detail how iron ore is transformed into iron. Over 24 cold-blast furnaces are described and the two modern hot-blast furnaces are depicted. Over 80 iron mines are identified. The contributions of German-Americans who settled the valley and dominated the iron business are highlighted. The practice of industrial slavery and the impact of the Civil War on the iron industry are explored. This 350 page book includes 137 photographs, maps and drawings to illustrate the contributions that the Shenandoah counties of Clarke, Frederick, Page, Rockingham, Shenandoah and Warren made to the iron smelting industry of the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia.

A collection of 35 largely technical lectures from the Sandbjerg Conference held in 1999, examine metallurgical evidence from Scandinavia and Northern Europe as well as reporting on developments in scientific analytical techniques. Divided into five sections, papers discuss particular types of iron production and settlement; regional studies; metallographic investigations of artefacts and sites; metallographic regional studies; Geophysical prospecting and archaeomagnetic dating. The majority of articles relate to Scandinavia but there are reports on iron-smelting and specific finds and sites in Italy, Germany, England, Greece, France, Ukraine and Wales.

Minor wear on the covers, corners, and the edges. May contain some highlightiing and or writing within and throughout the pages.

VEVOR Propane Melting Furnace 6KG, 2462°F Metal Foundry Furnace Kit - Graphite Crucible and Tongs, Casting Melting Smelting Refining Precious Metals Like Gold Silver Aluminum Copper Brass BronzeProfessional Melting Furnace5 KG Crucible CapacityFast & Efficient HeatingExcellent Heat InsulationComplete AccessoriesWide ApplicationCapacity for Copper: 11 lbs / 5 kg,Temperature: Up to 1450℃ / 2642℉,Package Dimensions: 16.14 x 15.94 x 17.72 in / 410 x 405 x 450 mm,Adjustable Propane Regulator: 0-350 psi,Furnace Floor: 0.79 in / 20 mm Thicken Firebrick,Crucible Size: 4.8 x 5.6 in / 122 x 142 mm,Furnace Outer Dimension: 13.1 x 14.2 in / 332 x 361 mm,Nozzle: SS-304,Melting Time: 10 min,Model: LYBBWMZ05KG,Furnace Body Construction: Cold Rolled Plate,Furnace Internal Dimension: 10.9 x 14.1 in / 277 x 358 mm,Net Weight: 30 lbs / 13.6 kg

VEVOR Infrared Thermometer, -40~2732°F Dual Laser Temperature Gun Non-Contact, Handheld IR Heat Temperature Gun with Adjustable Emissivity for Metal Smelting/Cooking/Pizza Oven/Engine(Not for Human)Safety FirstWide Temperature RangeExtended Distance MeasurementDetail-Oriented DesignQuick AlertsVersatile ApplicationTemperature Accuracy: -40°F - 32°F / -40°C - 0°C (±3℃) ; 32°F - 1472°F / 0°C - 800°C (±1.5% / ±2℃) ; 1472°F - 2372°F / 800°C - 1500°C (±3%℃),Main Materials: TPE + ABS,Operating Voltage: 3V (1.5x2 AA Batteries),Item Model Number: IR05,Distance-to-Spot Ratio: 50:1,Product Weight: 0.71 lbs / 0.32 kg,Temperature Range: -40°F - 2732°F / -40°C - 1500°C,Adjustable Emissivity: 0.10 -1.00,Product Dimensions: 7.09 x 4.72 x 2.36 in / 180 x 120 x 60 mm,Response Time and Wavelength: 0.25s / 8-14us