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This book present san introduction to the evolution of Portuguese politics, society and culture in the twentieth century. Eminent historians, political scientists and experts in literature and art, explore a wide spectrum of topics: international relations, authoritarianism, and transition to democracy, social change, economic development, colonialism and decolonization, patterns of emigration, problems of national identity, and the main trends of twentieth century Portuguese literature and art.

Criminaltribunals, truth commissions, reparations, apologies and memorializations arethe characteristic instruments in the transitional justice toolkit that can helpsocieties transition from authoritarianism to democracy, from civil war topeace, and from state-sponsored extra-legal violence to a rights-respectingrule of law. Over the last several decades, their growing use has establishedtransitional justice as a body of both theory and practice whose guiding normsand structures encompasses the range of institutional mechanisms by whichsocieties address the wrongs committed by past regimes in order to lay thefoundation for more legitimate political and legal order. In TransitionalJustice, a group of leadingscholars in philosophy, law, and political science settles some of the keytheoretical debates over the meaning of transitional justice while opening upnew ones. By engaging both theorists and empirical social scientists in debatesover central categories of analysis in the study of transitional justice, italso illuminates the challenges of making strong empirical claims about theimpact of transitional institutions. Contributors:Gary J. Bass, David Cohen, David Dyzenhaus, Pablo de Greiff, Leigh-AshleyLipscomb, Monika Nalepa, Eric A. Posner, Debra Satz, GopalSreenivasan, AdrianVermeule, and Jeremy Webber.

South Korea experienced a transition from authoritarianism to democracy in the late 1980s. Throughout the 1980s, hundreds of university students in South Korea went to factories and shantytowns to organize the working class and the urban poor. While politicizing almost all issues extant in South Korean society, they mobilized thousands of students into formidable street demonstrations that eventually forced the Chun administration (1980-1987) to carry out sweeping political reforms. The book explains the emergence of the radical student movement and the subsequent political transformation in South Korea in the last two decades. It pays particular attention to the various organizing methods, the patterns of changing ideologies, and political tactics of the student movement. With extensive interview materials taken from former student activists, the book provides insightful insiders’ knowledge of what had happened in the student movement. By situating the South Korean student movement in its broad socio-historical contexts, it investigates the interplay of structural forces and agency to explain the political transformation of South Korea between 1980 and 2000.

Criminaltribunals, truth commissions, reparations, apologies and memorializations arethe characteristic instruments in the transitional justice toolkit that can helpsocieties transition from authoritarianism to democracy, from civil war topeace, and from state-sponsored extra-legal violence to a rights-respectingrule of law. Over the last several decades, their growing use has establishedtransitional justice as a body of both theory and practice whose guiding normsand structures encompasses the range of institutional mechanisms by whichsocieties address the wrongs committed by past regimes in order to lay thefoundation for more legitimate political and legal order. In TransitionalJustice, a group of leadingscholars in philosophy, law, and political science settles some of the keytheoretical debates over the meaning of transitional justice while opening upnew ones. By engaging both theorists and empirical social scientists in debatesover central categories of analysis in the study of transitional justice, italso illuminates the challenges of making strong empirical claims about theimpact of transitional institutions. Contributors:Gary J. Bass, David Cohen, David Dyzenhaus, Pablo de Greiff, Leigh-AshleyLipscomb, Monika Nalepa, Eric A. Posner, Debra Satz, GopalSreenivasan, AdrianVermeule, and Jeremy Webber.