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The U.S. Food and Drug Administration is the most powerful regulatory agency in the world. How did the FDA become so influential? And how exactly does it wield its extraordinary power? Reputation and Power traces the history of FDA regulation of pharmaceuticals, revealing how the agency's organizational reputation has been the primary source of its power, yet also one of its ultimate constraints. Daniel Carpenter describes how the FDA cultivated a reputation for competence and vigilance throughout the last century, and how this organizational image has enabled the agency to regulate an industry as powerful as American pharmaceuticals while resisting efforts to curb its own authority. Carpenter explains how the FDA's reputation and power have played out among committees in Congress, and with drug companies, advocacy groups, the media, research hospitals and universities, and governments in Europe and India. He shows how FDA regulatory power has influenced the way that business, medicine, and science are conducted in the United States and worldwide. Along the way, Carpenter offers new insights into the therapeutic revolution of the 1940s and 1950s; the 1980s AIDS crisis; the advent of oral contraceptives and cancer chemotherapy; the rise of antiregulatory conservatism; and the FDA's waning influence in drug regulation today. Reputation and Power demonstrates how reputation shapes the power and behavior of government agencies, and sheds new light on how that power is used and contested.

American government is in the midst of a reputation crisis. An overwhelming majority of citizens—Republicans and Democrats alike—hold negative perceptions of the government and believe it is wasteful, inefficient, and doing a generally poor job managing public programs and providing public services. When social problems arise, Americans are therefore skeptical that the government has the ability to respond effectively. It’s a serious problem, argues Amy E. Lerman, and it will not be a simple one to fix. With Good Enough for Government Work, Lerman uses surveys, experiments, and public opinion data to argue persuasively that the reputation of government is itself an impediment to government’s ability to achieve the common good. In addition to improving its efficiency and effectiveness, government therefore has an equally critical task: countering the belief that the public sector is mired in incompetence. Lerman takes readers through the main challenges. Negative perceptions are highly resistant to change, she shows, because we tend to perceive the world in a way that confirms our negative stereotypes of government—even in the face of new information. Those who hold particularly negative perceptions also begin to “opt out” in favor of private alternatives, such as sending their children to private schools, living in gated communities, and refusing to participate in public health insurance programs. When sufficient numbers of people opt out of public services, the result can be a decline in the objective quality of public provision. In this way, citizens’ beliefs about government can quickly become a self-fulfilling prophecy, with consequences for all. Lerman concludes with practical solutions for how the government might improve its reputation and roll back current efforts to eliminate or privatize even some of the most critical public services.

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An embodiment of Southern California's vibrant music scene since 1980, Jackson has been the go-to brand for hard rock and metal virtuosos, creating instruments tailored to high-velocity playing. Over the past four decades, Jackson has revolutionized its high-performance craft, earning a reputation as the industry's premier shred machines. The Jackson American Series, the brand's first flagship product line crafted in Corona, is the latest addition to this illustrious legacy. The American Series Virtuoso Electric Guitar, finished in a captivating Mystic Blue, is designed to inspire musicians worldwide. It boasts an array of features that meet the demands of today's high-velocity players. The guitar's foundation is an alder body with a contoured "hand-shake" heel, ensuring ergonomic comfort during extended performances. The neck, a five-piece multi-laminated caramelized maple/maple construction, is bolted-on with graphite-reinforcement rods, providing unwavering stability up to the 24th fret. The ultra-fast 12-16" compound radius streaked ebony fingerboard with rolled edges is designed for effortless chording and riffing near the nut, and speedy scale runs higher up the neck. Luminlay side dots guide your fingers to the correct frets, even on the darkest stages, while a heel-mount truss rod adjustment wheel allows for quick neck relief tweaks mid-performance. The HH pickup configuration features a Seymour Duncan JB TB-4 humbucking bridge pickup, delivering a roaring, hot-rodded attitude and a powerful low end. The Seymour Duncan '59 SH-1N neck pickup offers a glassy treble tone and scooped mids, versatile across a multitude of genres. The intuitive control layout includes a five-way blade switch, and dome-style knobs for volume and tone. Premium features continue with a Floyd Rose 1500 Series double-locking tremolo bridge system, ensuring reliable tuning stability during daring and aggressive playing theatrics. Gotoh MG-T locking tuners and Dunlop dual-locking strap buttons further enhance the guitar's performance reliability. The American Series Virtuoso Electric Guitar is not just about performance; it's also about style. The Mystic Blue finish is complemented by color-matched, bound pointy headstocks and black hardware, making it a standout choice for musicians who value both aesthetics and functionality.

Until now political scientists have devoted little attention to the origins of American bureaucracy and the relationship between bureaucratic and interest group politics. In this pioneering book, Daniel Carpenter contributes to our understanding of institutions by presenting a unified study of bureaucratic autonomy in democratic regimes. He focuses on the emergence of bureaucratic policy innovation in the United States during the Progressive Era, asking why the Post Office Department and the Department of Agriculture became politically independent authors of new policy and why the Interior Department did not. To explain these developments, Carpenter offers a new theory of bureaucratic autonomy grounded in organization theory, rational choice models, and network concepts. According to the author, bureaucracies with unique goals achieve autonomy when their middle-level officials establish reputations among diverse coalitions for effectively providing unique services. These coalitions enable agencies to resist political control and make it costly for politicians to ignore the agencies' ideas. Carpenter assesses his argument through a highly innovative combination of historical narratives, statistical analyses, counterfactuals, and carefully structured policy comparisons. Along the way, he reinterprets the rise of national food and drug regulation, Comstockery and the Progressive anti-vice movement, the emergence of American conservation policy, the ascent of the farm lobby, the creation of postal savings banks and free rural mail delivery, and even the congressional Cannon Revolt of 1910.

Until now political scientists have devoted little attention to the origins of American bureaucracy and the relationship between bureaucratic and interest group politics. In this pioneering book, Daniel Carpenter contributes to our understanding of institutions by presenting a unified study of bureaucratic autonomy in democratic regimes. He focuses on the emergence of bureaucratic policy innovation in the United States during the Progressive Era, asking why the Post Office Department and the Department of Agriculture became politically independent authors of new policy and why the Interior Department did not. To explain these developments, Carpenter offers a new theory of bureaucratic autonomy grounded in organization theory, rational choice models, and network concepts. According to the author, bureaucracies with unique goals achieve autonomy when their middle-level officials establish reputations among diverse coalitions for effectively providing unique services. These coalitions enable agencies to resist political control and make it costly for politicians to ignore the agencies' ideas. Carpenter assesses his argument through a highly innovative combination of historical narratives, statistical analyses, counterfactuals, and carefully structured policy comparisons. Along the way, he reinterprets the rise of national food and drug regulation, Comstockery and the Progressive anti-vice movement, the emergence of American conservation policy, the ascent of the farm lobby, the creation of postal savings banks and free rural mail delivery, and even the congressional Cannon Revolt of 1910.

Nearly a century and a half after his death Robert E. Lee the leading Confederate general of the American Civil War remains a source of fascination and for some veneration. This AMERICAN EXPERIENCE film examines the life and reputation of the general whose military successes made him the scourge of the Union and the hero of the Confederacy and who was elevated to almost god-like status by his admirers after his death.

Follow General George Armstrong Custer from his memorable wild charge at Gettysburg to his lonely untimely death on the windswept Plains of the West. On June 26 1876 Custer a reputation for fearless and often reckless courage ordered his soldiers to drive back a large army of Lakota and Cheyenne warriors. By day's end Custer and nearly a third of his army were dead.

THE AMERICAN PAGEANT enjoys a reputation as one of the most popular, effective, and entertaining texts in American history. The colorful anecdotes, first-person quotations, and trademark wit bring American history to life. A new feature, "Contending Voices," offers paired quotes from original historical sources, accompanied by questions that prompt you to think about conflicting perspectives on controversial subjects. Additional aids make the book as accessible as it is enjoyable: part openers and chapter-ending chronologies provide a context for the major periods in American history, while other features present primary sources, scholarly debates, and key historical figures for analysis.

Father Francis Duffy, U. S. Army chaplain during World War One, recalls his time fighting alongside the famous 69th Infantry Regiment on the western front. Comprised mostly of Irish Catholic volunteers who enlisted in and around New York City, the 'Fighting Sixty-Ninth' already had a long history and a reputation for bravery and grit. Father Duffy is frank and upfront, recalling the conversations and mood of his fellow troops during their training and deployment to Europe. The bloodiness and terror of battles in World War I is related, as are the many injuries and horrors of that war. Despite the grim situation, Father Duffy never loses his spirit. Indeed, the adversity faced by the young men in the 69th gave opportunity for them to show their courage and great capacity for morale. The witty humor and can-do attitude of the Irish is also amply displayed, this liveliness countering the darker aspects of war.

The introduction by Donald Pizer describes in detail the biographical and historical background of the novel and its critical reputation. The four original essays in the volume not only touch on long-established approaches to Sister Carrie but also reflect a number of the concerns of recent scholarly and critical movements. Each of the essays is a self-standing examination of a major area of interest in the novel, including such topics as the impact of Dreiser's own life on the creation of Carrie and Hurstwood, the relationship of Carrie and the theater, and Dreiser's naturalism and his narrative technique.

Vietnam is remembered as the war that divided a nation and scarred a generation. While the vast majority of American personnel in Vietnam served honorably, a few highly publicized atrocities tarnished the reputation of the military. In At the Crossroads of Justice: My Lai and Son Thang-American Atrocities in Vietnam, author Paul J. Noto analyzes two of those incidents-My Lai and Son Thang-against the backdrop of a flawed military justice system and an arrogant and inept civilian and military leadership that failed to articulate a coherent military strategy to win the war. Noto shows that failure of leadership contributed to problems of command discipline, racial tension, drug abuse, and general disregard for military protocol. His study examines these issues and describes how ordinary American boys became cold-blooded killers seemingly overnight, what combination of factors led to these tragic events, and how the military can prevent them from happening in future conflicts. By studying these crimes and the judicial process that followed, Noto provides an insightful analysis of the related issues and how they have impacted military training to the present day.

The American Psychiatric Association Publishing Textbook of Psychopharmacology boasts a long and unassailable reputation as a classic, providing a clearly written, meticulously cross-referenced, and user-friendly guide to this swiftly evolving field. This new 5th Edition has been thoroughly updated in the context of the latest research and reflects the introduction of DSM-5. The chapter authors were carefully selected for their expertise, and the editors have ensured that the resulting text is consistent in style and approach across topics and sections. The journey beginning with the core principles of molecular biology, genetics and genomics, and pharmacokinetics, continuing with the myriad classes of psychopharmacological agents, and ultimately arriving at the treatment of major psychiatric disorders as well as of specific age groups and circumstances is logical, easy to follow, and authoritative.Both physicians still in training and clinicians who regularly prescribe psychotropic medications will find the up-to-date and specific guidance on drug selection invaluable. The American Psychiatric Association Publishing Textbook of Psychopharmacology remains an essential, and trusted, companion.

The Library of Virginia's 1989 Edition of Fiske Kimball's Capitol of Virginia reaffirmed the reputation of this remarkable work as a "landmark in the developing field of architectural history." The 2002 edition demonstrates how Kimball's groundbreaking scholarship on Thomas Jefferson the architect inspired the next generation of architectural historians to reexamine this seminal building, its conception, and its influence on American architecture. Charles Brownell's new introduction recognizes Kimball's important contribution while also showing how recent research about the Virginia State Capitol has fundamentally changed our understanding of the building's sources and Jefferson's vision. Likewise, and eight-year project to conserve and research the architectural model of Virginia's Capitol that Jefferson commissioned while in France offers fresh insights into the building's origins and evolution, as summarized in F. Carey Howlett's essay. These new insights are supported by sixty-nine illustrations, many in full color, visually documenting one of America's most important architectural achievements.

From the early campaigns of the Revolutionary War in 1776 to the final battles in 1781, Lieutenant Colonel John Eager Howard of the Maryland Line built a reputation as outstanding military leader. One author calls Howard "one of the finest regimental commanders in American History." Contemporaries, including George Washington and Nathaniel Greene, knew well the impressive fighting qualities of this young officer. Howard participated in the New York campaign of 1776 and the Philadelphia campaign of 1777, led his troops as they fought heroically at the Battle of Camden in SC in 1780, and was awarded a silver medal by Congress for his superb performance at the 1781 Battle of Cowpens. After the war, Howard held several important offices including Governor of Maryland and U.S. Senator. This is the first miltary biography of this distinguished soldier.

A historical figure's attempts to secure freedom for America and her slaves Winning a reputation for reckless bravery in a succession of major battles and sieges, John Laurens distinguished himself as one of the most zealous, self-sacrificing participants in the American Revolution. A native of South Carolina and son of Henry Laurens, president of the Continental Congress, John devoted his life to securing American independence.In this comprehensive biography, Gregory D. Massey recounts the young Laurens's wartime record --a riveting tale in its own right --and finds that even more remarkable than his military escapades were his revolutionary ideas concerning the rights of African Americans.Massey relates Laurens's desperation to fight for his country once revolution had begun. A law student in England, he joined the war effort in 1777, leaving behind his English wife and an unborn child he would never see. Massey tells of the young officer's devoted service as General George Washington's aide-de-camp, interaction with prominent military and political figures, and conspicuous military efforts at Brandywine, Germantown, Monmouth, Newport, Charleston, Savannah, and Yorktown. Massey also recounts Laurens's survival of four battle wounds and six months as a prisoner of war, his controversial diplomatic mission to France, and his close friendship with Alexander Hamilton. Laurens's death in a minor battle in August 1782 was a tragic loss for the new state and nation. Unlike other prominent southerners, Laurens believed blacks shared a similar nature with whites, and he formulated a plan to free slaves in return for their service in the Continental Army. Massey explores the personal, social, and cultural factors that prompted Laurens to diverge so radically from his peers and to raise vital questions about the role African Americans would play in the new republic.

At the time of his death, Ulysses S. Grant was the most famous person in America, considered by most citizens to be equal in stature to George Washington and Abraham Lincoln. Yet today his monuments are rarely visited, his military reputation is overshadowed by that of Robert E. Lee, and his presidency is permanently mired at the bottom of historical rankings.In an insightful blend of biography and cultural history, Joan Waugh traces Grant's shifting national and international reputation, illuminating the role of memory in our understanding of American history. Using a wide range of written and visual sources--newspaper articles, private and public reminiscences, photographs, paintings, cartoons, poetry, and much more--Waugh reveals how Grant became the embodiment of the American nation in the decades after the Civil War. She does not paper over Grant's image as a scandal-ridden contributor to the worst excesses of the Gilded Age. Instead, she captures a sense of what led nineteenth-century Americans to overlook Grant's obvious faults and hold him up as a critically important symbol of national reconciliation and unity. Waugh further shows that Grant's reputation and place in public memory closely parallel the rise and fall of the northern version of the Civil War story--in which the United States was the clear, morally superior victor and Grant was the symbol of that victory. By the 1880s, Waugh shows, after the failure of Reconstruction, the dominant Union myths about the war gave way to a southern version that emphasized a more sentimental remembrance of the honor and courage of both sides and ennobled the "Lost Cause." During this social transformation, Grant's public image changed as well. By the 1920s, his reputation had plummeted.Most Americans today are unaware of how revered Grant was in his lifetime. Joan Waugh uncovers the reasons behind the rise and fall of his renown, underscoring as well the fluctuating memory of the Civil War itself.

"Culture of honor" is what social scientists call a society that organizes social life around maintaining and defending reputation. In an honor culture, because reputation is everything, people will go to great lengths to defend their reputations and those of their family members against real and perceived threats and insults.While most human societies throughout history can be described as "honor cultures," the United States is particularly well known for having a deeply rooted culture of honor, especially in the American South and West. In Honor Bound, social psychologist Ryan P. Brown integrates social science research, current events, and personal stories to explore and explain how honor underpins nearly every aspect of our lives, from spontaneous bar fights to organized acts of terrorism, romantic relationships, mental health and well-being, unsportsmanlike conduct in football, the commission of suicide, foreign policy decisions by political leaders, and even how parents name their babies.Sometimes the effects of living in an honor culture are subtle and easily missed-there are fewer nursing homes in the American south, as more parents live with their children as they age-and sometimes the effects are more dramatic, as in the fact that there are more school shootings in honor states, but they are always relevant. By illuminating a surprising and pervasive thread that has endured in our culture for centuries, Brown's narrative will captivate those raised in these types of honor cultures who wish to understand themselves, and those who wish to better understand their neighbors.