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The present volume is the third volume of a projected four-volume series. This volume contains the following chapters: ."The Synthesis and Reactions of Pyrrole, Pyrazole, Triazole, Indole, Indazole, and Benzotriazole Nucleosides and Nucleotides," "The Synthesis, Reactions, and Properties of the 2'(3')-O-Aminoacyl and Peptidyl Nucleosides and Nucleotides," "Syntheses and Reactions of Bicyclic Heterocyclic Nucleosides and Nucleotides," "The Synthesis and Chemistry of Imidazole and Benzimidazole Nucleosides and Nucleotides," and "The Chemistry of C-Nucleosides." Each chapter is comprehensive in nature and should provide a ready reference source for not only the novice but also the experienced investiga tor or researcher. The chapters have been prepared by authors with considerable experience in each particular area of research, and this has resulted in a lucid presentation of each well-defined area. These volumes (1-3) were designed with medicinal chemists, medicinal organic chemists, organic chemists, carbohydrate chemists, physical chemists, and biological chemists in mind. However, because of the tremendous recent interest in this research area owing to the biological and chemotherapeutic evaluation ofnucleosides and nucleotides as anticancer, antiviral, and antiparasitic agents, these volumes should also be valuable additions to the libraries of virologists, biochemical phar­ macologists, oncologists, and pharmacologists. We would like to thank the authors for their enthusiasm and help in making these volumes available to the scientific community.

The present volume is the third volume of a projected four-volume series. This volume contains the following chapters: ."The Synthesis and Reactions of Pyrrole, Pyrazole, Triazole, Indole, Indazole, and Benzotriazole Nucleosides and Nucleotides," "The Synthesis, Reactions, and Properties of the 2'(3')-O-Aminoacyl and Peptidyl Nucleosides and Nucleotides," "Syntheses and Reactions of Bicyclic Heterocyclic Nucleosides and Nucleotides," "The Synthesis and Chemistry of Imidazole and Benzimidazole Nucleosides and Nucleotides," and "The Chemistry of C-Nucleosides." Each chapter is comprehensive in nature and should provide a ready reference source for not only the novice but also the experienced investiga tor or researcher. The chapters have been prepared by authors with considerable experience in each particular area of research, and this has resulted in a lucid presentation of each well-defined area. These volumes (1-3) were designed with medicinal chemists, medicinal organic chemists, organic chemists, carbohydrate chemists, physical chemists, and biological chemists in mind. However, because of the tremendous recent interest in this research area owing to the biological and chemotherapeutic evaluation ofnucleosides and nucleotides as anticancer, antiviral, and antiparasitic agents, these volumes should also be valuable additions to the libraries of virologists, biochemical phar­ macologists, oncologists, and pharmacologists. We would like to thank the authors for their enthusiasm and help in making these volumes available to the scientific community.

This volume focuses on the synthesis of nucleotides, presented from the preparative viewpoint. Attention is given to limitations, interfering influences, effects of structure and the selection of experimental techniques. Each chapter includes several detailed procedures illustrating the significant modifications of the method and contains tablets that include all the examples of the reaction under consideration.

The use of DNA and other biological macromolecules has revolutionized systematic studies of evolutionary history. Methods that use sequences of nucleotides and amino acids are now routinely used as data for addressing evolutionary questions that, although not new questions, have defied description and analysis. The world-renowned contributors use these new methods to unravel particular aspects of the evolutionary history of birds. Avian Molecular Evolution and Systematics presents an overview of the theory and application of molecular systematics, focusing on the phylogeny and evolutionary biology of birds. New, developing areas in the phylogeny of birds at multiple taxonomic areas are covered, as well as methods of analysis for molecular data, evolutionary genetics within and between bird populations, and the application of molecular-based phylogenies to broader questions of evolution.Contains authoritative contributions from leading researchersDiscusses the utility of different molecular markers for questions of avian evolution, involving populations and higher-level taxaApplies molecular-based phylogenies of birds and molecular population genetics data to broad questions of organismal and molecular evolution.Compares and contrasts molecular and morphological data sets

The Phylogenetic Handbook is a broad, hands on guide to theory and practice of nucleotide and protein phylogenetic analysis. This second edition includes six new chapters, covering topics such as Bayesian inference, tree topology testing and the impact of recombination on phylogenies, as well as a detailed section on molecular adaptation. The book has a stronger focus on hypothesis testing than the previous edition, with more extensive discussions on recombination analysis, detecting molecular adaptation and genealogy-based population genetics. Many chapters include elaborate practical sections, which have been updated to introduce the reader to the most recent versions of sequence analysis and phylogeny software, including BLAST, FastA, Clustal, T-coffee, Muscle, DAMBE, Tree-puzzle, Phylip, MEGA, PAUP*, IQPNNI, CONSEL, ModelTest, Prottest, PAML, HYPHY, MrBayes, BEAST, LAMARC, SplitsTree, and RDP. Many analysis tools are described by their original authors, resulting in clear explanations that constitute an ideal teaching guide for advanced-level undergraduate and graduate students.

The use of DNA and other biological macromolecules has revolutionized systematic studies of evolutionary history. Methods that use sequences of nucleotides and amino acids are now routinely used as data for addressing evolutionary questions that, although not new questions, have defied description and analysis. The world-renowned contributors use these new methods to unravel particular aspects of the evolutionary history of birds. Avian Molecular Evolution and Systematics presents an overview of the theory and application of molecular systematics, focusing on the phylogeny and evolutionary biology of birds. New, developing areas in the phylogeny of birds at multiple taxonomic areas are covered, as well as methods of analysis for molecular data, evolutionary genetics within and between bird populations, and the application of molecular-based phylogenies to broader questions of evolution.Contains authoritative contributions from leading researchersDiscusses the utility of different molecular markers for questions of avian evolution, involving populations and higher-level taxaApplies molecular-based phylogenies of birds and molecular population genetics data to broad questions of organismal and molecular evolution.Compares and contrasts molecular and morphological data sets