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VI of Oregon lectures in 1962, Bass gave simplified proofs of a number of "Morita Theorems", incorporating ideas of Chase and Schanuel. One of the Morita theorems characterizes when there is an equivalence of categories mod-A R::! mod-B for two rings A and B. Morita's solution organizes ideas so efficiently that the classical Wedderburn-Artin theorem is a simple consequence, and moreover, a similarity class [AJ in the Brauer group Br(k) of Azumaya algebras over a commutative ring k consists of all algebras B such that the corresponding categories mod-A and mod-B consisting of k-linear morphisms are equivalent by a k-linear functor. (For fields, Br(k) consists of similarity classes of simple central algebras, and for arbitrary commutative k, this is subsumed under the Azumaya [51]1 and Auslander-Goldman [60J Brauer group. ) Numerous other instances of a wedding of ring theory and category (albeit a shot­ gun wedding!) are contained in the text. Furthermore, in. my attempt to further simplify proofs, notably to eliminate the need for tensor products in Bass's exposition, I uncovered a vein of ideas and new theorems lying wholely within ring theory. This constitutes much of Chapter 4 -the Morita theorem is Theorem 4. 29-and the basis for it is a corre­ spondence theorem for projective modules (Theorem 4. 7) suggested by the Morita context. As a by-product, this provides foundation for a rather complete theory of simple Noetherian rings-but more about this in the introduction.

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This volume is intended to allow mathematicians and physicists, especially analysts, to learn about nonlinear problems which arise in Riemannian Geometry. Analysis on Riemannian manifolds is a field currently undergoing great development. More and more, analysis proves to be a very powerful means for solving geometrical problems. Conversely, geometry may help us to solve certain problems in analysis. There are several reasons why the topic is difficult and interesting. It is very large and almost unexplored. On the other hand, geometric problems often lead to limiting cases of known problems in analysis, sometimes there is even more than one approach, and the already existing theoretical studies are inadequate to solve them. Each problem has its own particular difficulties. Nevertheless there exist some standard methods which are useful and which we must know to apply them. One should not forget that our problems are motivated by geometry, and that a geometrical argument may simplify the problem under investigation. Examples of this kind are still too rare. This work is neither a systematic study of a mathematical field nor the presentation of a lot of theoretical knowledge. On the contrary, I do my best to limit the text to the essential knowledge. I define as few concepts as possible and give only basic theorems which are useful for our topic. But I hope that the reader will find this sufficient to solve other geometrical problems by analysis.

In diesem Buch spürt man noch immer die Inspiration zweier großer Mathematiker: Hilbert gilt als der letzte seiner Zunft, der in allen Gebieten der Mathematik zu Hause war. Seine grundlegend neuen Erkenntnisse prägten entscheidend die moderne Auffassung vom Wesen der Mathematik. Sein Schüler Courant ist auch heute noch anerkannt als ein ausgezeichneter Lehrer, der die Gabe hatte, schwierigste Materien verständlich darstellen zu können.

In presenting this treatment of homological algebra, it is a pleasure to acknowledge the help and encouragement which I have had from all sides. Homological algebra arose from many sources in algebra and topology. Decisive examples came from the study of group extensions and their factor sets, a subject I learned in joint work with OTTO SCHIL­ LING. A further development of homological ideas, with a view to their topological applications, came in my long collaboration with SAMUEL ElLENBERG; to both collaborators, especial thanks. For many years the Air Force Office of Scientific Research supported my research projects on various subjects now summarized here; it is a pleasure to acknowledge their lively understanding of basic science. Both REINHOLD BAER and JOSEF SCHMID read and commented on my entire manuscript; their advice has led to many improvements. ANDERS KOCK and JACQUES RIGUET have read the entire galley proof and caught many slips and obscurities. Among the others whose sug­ gestions have served me well, I note FRANK ADAMS, LOUIS AUSLANDER, WILFRED COCKCROFT, ALBRECHT DOLD, GEOFFREY HORROCKS, FRIED­ RICH KASCH, JOHANN LEICHT, ARUNAS LIULEVICIUS, JOHN MOORE, DIE­ TER PUPPE, JOSEPH YAO, and a number of my current students at the University of Chicago - not to m~ntion the auditors of my lectures at Chicago, Heidelberg, Bonn, Frankfurt, and Aarhus. My wife, DOROTHY, has cheerfully typed more versions of more chapters than she would like to count. Messrs.

In diesem Buch spürt man noch immer die Inspiration zweier großer Mathematiker: Hilbert gilt als der letzte seiner Zunft, der in allen Gebieten der Mathematik zu Hause war. Seine grundlegend neuen Erkenntnisse prägten entscheidend die moderne Auffassung vom Wesen der Mathematik. Sein Schüler Courant ist auch heute noch anerkannt als ein ausgezeichneter Lehrer, der die Gabe hatte, schwierigste Materien verständlich darstellen zu können.

The theory of the stability of motion has gained increasing signifi­ cance in the last decades as is apparent from the large number of publi­ cations on the subject. A considerable part of this work is concerned with practical problems, especially problems from the area of controls and servo-mechanisms, and concrete problems from engineering were the ones which first gave the decisin' impetus for the expansion and modern development of stability theory. In comparison with the many single publications, which are num­ bered in the thousands, the number of books on stability theory, and especially books not \\Titten in Russian, is extraordinarily small. Books which giw the student a complete introduction into the topic and which simultaneously familiarize him with the newer results of the theory and their applications to practical questions are completely lacking. I hope that the book which I hereby present will to some extent do justice to this double task. I haw endeavored to treat stability theory as a mathe­ matical discipline, to characterize its methods, and to prove its theorems rigorollsly and completely as mathematical theorems. Still I always strove to make reference to applications, to illustrate the arguments with examples, and to stress the interaction between theory and practice. The mathematical preparation of the reader should consist of about two to three years of university mathematics.

From the reviews: "L.R. Shafarevich showed me the first edition [...] and said that this book will be from now on the book about class field theory. In fact it is by far the most complete treatment of the main theorems of algebraic number theory, including function fields over finite constant fields, that appeared in book form." Zentralblatt MATH

In the last 30 years, Approximation Theory has undergone wonderful develop­ ment, with many new theories appearing in this short interval. This book has its origin in the wish to adequately describe this development, in particular, to rewrite the short 1966 book of G. G. Lorentz, "Approximation of Functions." Soon after 1980, R. A. DeVore and Lorentz joined forces for this purpose. The outcome has been their "Constructive Approximation" (1993), volume 303 of this series. References to this book are given as, for example rCA, p.201]. Later, M. v. Golitschek and Y. Makovoz joined Lorentz to produce the present book, as a continuation of the first. Completeness has not been our goal. In some of the theories, our exposition offers a selection of important, representative theorems, some other cases are treated more systematically. As in the first book, we treat only approximation of functions of one real variable. Thus, functions of several variables, complex approximation or interpolation are not treated, although complex variable methods appear often.

Und dann erst kommt der "Ab -ge - sa. ng\' da. /3 der nidlt kurz und nicht zu la. ng, From "Die Meistersinger von Nurnberg", Richard Wagner This final volume is concerned with some of the developments of the subject in the 1960's. In attempting to determine the simple groups, the first step was to settle the conjecture of Burnside that groups of odd order are soluble. The proof that this conjecture was correct is much too long and complicated for presentation in this text, but a number of ideas in the early stages of it led to a local theory of finite groups, so me aspects of which are discussed in Chapter X. Much of this discussion is a con- tinuation of the theory of the transfer (see Chapter IV), but we also introduce the generalized Fitting subgroup, which played a basic role in characterization theorems, that is, in descriptions of specific groups in terms of group-theoretical properties alone. One of the earliest and most important such characterizations was given for Zassenhaus groups; this is presented in Chapter XI. Characterizations in terms of the centralizer of an involution are of particular importance in view of the theorem of Brauer and Fowler. In Chapter XII, one such theorem is given, in which the Mathieu group 9J'l1l and PSL(3, 3) are characterized.

This introduction to algebraic number theory discusses the classical concepts from the viewpoint of Arakelov theory. The treatment of class theory is particularly rich in illustrating complements, offering hints for further study, and providing concrete examples. It is the most up-to-date, systematic, and theoretically comprehensive textbook on algebraic number field theory available.

1. We begin by giving a simple example of a partial differential inequality that occurs in an elementary physics problem. We consider a fluid with pressure u(x, t) at the point x at the instant t that 3 occupies a region Q oflR bounded by a membrane r of negligible thickness that, however, is semi-permeable, i. e., a membrane that permits the fluid to enter Q freely but that prevents all outflow of fluid. One can prove then (cf. the details in Chapter 1, Section 2.2.1) that au (aZu azu aZu) (1) in Q, t>o, -a - du = g du = -a z + -a z + -a z t Xl X X3 z l g a given function, with boundary conditions in the form of inequalities u(X,t»o => au(x,t)/an=O, XEr, (2) u(x,t)=o => au(x,t)/an?:O, XEr, to which is added the initial condition (3) u(x,O)=uo(x). We note that conditions (2) are non linear; they imply that, at each fixed instant t, there exist on r two regions r~ and n where u(x, t) =0 and au (x, t)/an = 0, respectively. These regions are not prescribed; thus we deal with a "free boundary" problem.

15 Liapunov's "second method" eliminates this drawback and leads to accurate conclusions regarding the stability of well-defined families of systems. This method made it natural to introduce the new notion of "absolute stability" whose origin can be traced to a work of . A. I. Lur'e and V. N. Post­ nikov [1]. The results of the many investigations effected to date in the field of absolute stability have been presented in a number of monographs, from which we mention (in chrono­ logical order) . A. I. Lur'e [1], . A. M. Letov [1], . A. Halanay Fig. 1. 2 [1], M . . A . . Aizerman and F. R. Gantmacher [1] and S. Lef­ schetz [1]. Without going into a detailed exposition of these results (see the final chapter of this book), we shall discuss here only the manner in which one defines the families of systems that are studied. These systems are characterized by the fact that in Relation (4) - which describes the non-linear block B2 (Fig. 1. 1) - the function cp is continuous, vanishes for v = 0 and satisfies the inequality cp( v)v > 0 for every v =/= o. (6) In other words, the graph of function cp is entirely contained in the quadrants I and III; it may have, for instance, a shape similar to that shown in Fig. 1. 2. The object of the study of absolute stability consists in finding a criterion which secures simultaneously the stability of all the systems characterized by Condition (6) .

(egalite 3. 4). Ce complexe T*(A,B) per met de definir les modules d'homo­ logie de l'algebre (definition 3. 11) Hn(A,B, W) = Yt,,[T*(A,B)@B W] et les modules de cohomologie de l'algebre (definition 3. 12) Hn(A,B, W) = Yfn[HomB(T*(A,B), W)]. En particulier l'homologie et la cohomologie d'une algebre libre sont triviales (corollaire 3. 36). Quant au module Ho(A,B,B) il est toujours isomorphe au module des differentielles de Kaehler QBIA (proposition 6. 3). Lorsque l'anneau Best un quotient de l'anneau A, la situation est simple en degre 1 (proposition 6. 1) H (A, B, W) ~ Tor}(B, W) I et en degre 2 (theoreme 15. 8, propositions 15. 9 et 15. 12) H (A,B, W) ~ Tor1(B, W)jTor}(B,B). Tor}(B, W). 2 En ajoutant des variables independantes a l'anneau A, il est d'ailleurs possible de se ramener a ce cas particulier (corollaire 5. 2). Dans cette theorie, les modules d'homologie relative sont en fait des modules d'homologie absolue. De maniere precise: a une A-algebre B et a une B-algebre C correspond une suite exacte, dite de Jacobi­ Zariski (theoreme 5. 1) . . . --+ Hn(A,B, W) --+ Hn(A, C, W) --+ Hn(B, C, W) -+ H _ I (A, B, W) --+ ···· n De cette suite decoulent des relations entre differentielles de Kaehler (n = 0), algebres lisses (n = 1), anneaux reguliers (n = 2) et intersections completes (n = 3). Une autre propriete fondamentale est la suivante (proposition 4.

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Categories and sheaves appear almost frequently in contemporary advanced mathematics. This book covers categories, homological algebra and sheaves in a systematic manner starting from scratch and continuing with full proofs to the most recent results in the literature, and sometimes beyond. The authors present the general theory of categories and functors, emphasizing inductive and projective limits, tensor categories, representable functors, ind-objects and localization.

A digital copy of "Reihenentwicklung in der mathematischen Physik" by Josef Lense. Download is immediately available upon purchase!

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Die von Karl Menger und seinen Mitarbeitern (darunter Kurt Gödel) herausgegebenen "Ergebnisse eines Mathematischen Kolloquiums" zählen zu den wichtigsten Quellenwerken der Wissenschafts- und Geistesgeschichte der Zwischenkriegszeit, mit bahnbrechenden Beiträgen von Menger, Gödel, Tarski, Wald, John von Neumann und vielen anderen. In diesem Band liegt der Inhalt erstmals gesammelt vor. Der Nobelpreisträger Gerard Debreu schrieb die Einleitung, die Kommentare wurden vom Logiker und Gödel-Biographen John Dawson jr., dem Topologen Ryszard Engelking und dem Wirtschaftstheoretiker Werner Hildenbrand verfasst. Außerdem enthält der Band einen biographischen Aufsatz über Karl Menger sowie einen von Menger verfassten Überblick über die wichtigsten topologischen und geometrischen Arbeiten des Kolloquiums.

Die von Karl Menger und seinen Mitarbeitern (darunter Kurt Gödel) herausgegebenen "Ergebnisse eines Mathematischen Kolloquiums" zählen zu den wichtigsten Quellenwerken der Wissenschafts- und Geistesgeschichte der Zwischenkriegszeit, mit bahnbrechenden Beiträgen von Menger, Gödel, Tarski, Wald, John von Neumann und vielen anderen. In diesem Band liegt der Inhalt erstmals gesammelt vor. Der Nobelpreisträger Gerard Debreu schrieb die Einleitung, die Kommentare wurden vom Logiker und Gödel-Biographen John Dawson jr., dem Topologen Ryszard Engelking und dem Wirtschaftstheoretiker Werner Hildenbrand verfasst. Außerdem enthält der Band einen biographischen Aufsatz über Karl Menger sowie einen von Menger verfassten Überblick über die wichtigsten topologischen und geometrischen Arbeiten des Kolloquiums.